H2KG: Ontology for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Materials, Components, and Experiments
type: Ontology
version IRI: h2kg-base.owl
type: IAO_8000001
abstract: Application ontology for representing hydrogen electrochemical systems, experiments, materials, manufacturing conditions, measurements, quantities, datasets, and release metadata with conservative alignment to EMMO, ECHO, QUDT, ChEBI, PROV-O, and Dublin Core Terms.
contributor: Institute of Energy Technologies (IET), Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IET-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52428 Juelich, Germany
created: 2026-03-19
creator: Electrochemistry Research Group
description: Canonical schema module for the H2KG PEMFC catalyst-layer application ontology.
description: Ontology for representing proton exchange membrane fuel cell materials, components, devices, processes, measurements, and experiments.
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
modified: 2026-03-19
publisher: Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
references: ns#
references: emmo
references: electrochemistry
references: pemfc
references: chameo#
references: coating#
references: equivalent-circuit-model#
references: manufacturing#
references: microscopy#
title: H2KG PEMFC Catalyst Layer Application Ontology
preferred namespace prefix: h2kg
preferred namespace uri: https://w3id.org/h2kg/hydrogen-ontology#
comment: The ontology captures hydrogen electrochemical concepts spanning PEMFC and PEMWE profiles, including parameters, properties, measurements, instruments, materials, data, and related FAIR provenance. It preserves the historic h2kg namespace while improving metadata quality, release readiness, and public documentation.
prior version: hydrogen-ontology
version info: 1.0.0
version info: 2026-04-24

atCurrentDensity
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Data Point
range: QuantityValue
description: An object property relating a data point to the current-density value at which it is reported.
comment: Core H2KG relation for atcurrentdensity.
definition: An object property that relates an observation, result, or condition to the current-density setting at which it applies.

fromMeasurement
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Data Point
range: Measurement
description: An object property relating a data point to the measurement from which it was generated.
comment: Core H2KG relation for frommeasurement.
definition: An object property that relates data, a result, or a derived statement to the measurement from which it originates.

hasInputData
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Process
range: Data
description: An object property relating a process or measurement to data used as an input.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hasinputdata.
definition: An object property that relates a process, analysis, or transformation to data used as its input.

hasInputMaterial
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Process
range: Matter
description: An object property relating a process or measurement to a material entity that serves as an input.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hasinputmaterial.
definition: An object property that relates a process to a material that serves as an input to that process.

hasOutputData
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Measurement
range: Data
description: An object property relating a measurement or process to data generated as an output.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hasoutputdata.
definition: An object property that relates a process or measurement to data generated as its output.

hasOutputMaterial
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Process
range: Matter
description: An object property relating a process to a material entity produced as an output.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hasoutputmaterial.
definition: An object property that relates a process to a material produced by that process.

hasParameter
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Process
range: Parameter
description: An object property relating a process or measurement to a parameter that specifies one of its inputs, settings, or operating conditions.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hasparameter.
definition: An object property that relates a process, measurement, or resource to a parameter used to characterize its conditions or settings.

hasPart
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isPartOf
description: An object property relating an entity or process to a constituent part.
comment: Core H2KG relation for haspart.
definition: An object property that relates a composite entity to one of its constituent parts.

hasProperty
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Measurement
range: Property
description: An object property relating a measurement to a property that is determined, reported, or otherwise associated with that measurement.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hasproperty.
definition: An object property that relates a resource to a property that it bears, reports, or is described in terms of.

hasQuantityValue
type: ObjectProperty
description: An object property relating a parameter, property, or data point to the quantity value that expresses it.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hasquantityvalue.
definition: An object property that relates a parameter, property, or data point to a quantity-value node that carries its numeric value and unit.

hasSubProcess
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isSubProcessOf
description: An object property relating a process to a subprocess that forms part of its overall execution.
comment: Core H2KG relation for hassubprocess.
definition: An object property that relates a process to a subprocess that forms part of its execution.

isPartOf
type: ObjectProperty
description: An object property relating an entity or process to a larger entity or process of which it forms a part.
comment: Core H2KG relation for ispartof.
definition: An object property that relates an entity to a larger entity of which it is a constituent part.

isSubProcessOf
type: ObjectProperty
description: An object property relating a subprocess to the larger process of which it forms a part.
comment: Core H2KG relation for issubprocessof.
definition: An object property that relates a subprocess to the larger process of which it forms a part.

measures
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Measurement
range: Property
description: An object property relating a measurement to a property that it determines.
comment: Core H2KG relation for measures.
definition: An object property that relates a measurement to the property it determines or quantifies.

normalizedTo
type: ObjectProperty
range: Normalization Basis
description: An object property relating a property or result to the basis used for its normalization.
comment: Core H2KG relation for normalizedto.
definition: An object property that relates a quantitative result or property to the basis against which it is normalized.

ofProperty
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Data Point
range: Property
description: An object property relating a data point to the property represented by that data point.
comment: Core H2KG relation for ofproperty.
definition: An object property that relates a result, value, or derived statement to the property that it is about.

referenceElectrode
type: ObjectProperty
description: An object property relating an electrochemical measurement setup or process to the reference electrode it uses.
comment: Core H2KG relation for referenceelectrode.
definition: An object property that relates an electrochemical setup or measurement to the reference electrode used in that context.

usesInstrument
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Process
range: Instrument
description: An object property relating a process or measurement to an instrument used to carry it out or support it.
comment: Core H2KG relation for usesinstrument.
definition: An object property that relates a process or measurement to an instrument used in carrying it out.

hasIdentifier
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal
description: A datatype property relating a resource to a literal identifier used to distinguish or reference it.
comment: Core H2KG datatype relation for hasidentifier.
definition: A datatype property that relates a resource to a literal identifier used to denote or reference it.

Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
description: A class representing an agent that is responsible for carrying out a process, producing data, or contributing to the provenance of a resource in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for responsible actors and provenance-bearing entities.
definition: A person, organization, software system, or other actor that bears responsibility for an activity, resource, or assertion in H2KG.

Data
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
description: A class representing data produced, used, or referenced by a process or measurement in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for recorded informational outputs and data artefacts.
definition: A recorded informational entity that captures observations, derived results, metadata, or other digitally expressed content.

Data Point
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
description: A class representing a single data point that links a value to the property and measurement context it belongs to in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for individual recorded observations or values.
definition: An individual recorded value or observation within a dataset, measurement series, or derived data collection.

Instrument
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
description: A class representing an instrument used to perform, support, or control a measurement or manufacturing process in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for experimental and processing apparatus.
definition: A device or apparatus used to perform, control, or monitor a measurement, manufacturing step, or experimental operation.

Manufacturing
type: Class
subclass of: Process
description: A class representing a manufacturing process that prepares, assembles, coats, or otherwise fabricates a material or device in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for fabrication, preparation, and assembly processes.
definition: A process that prepares, fabricates, modifies, or assembles a material, component, or device.

Matter
type: Class
description: A class representing a material entity that participates in a process, measurement, or device configuration in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for material entities and physical artefacts.
definition: A material entity, substance, mixture, component, or physical artefact used, produced, or studied in the domain.

Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Process
description: A class representing a measurement process that determines one or more properties of a material, device, or system in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for value-determining experimental activities.
definition: A process that determines, estimates, or records the value of a property under specified conditions.

Metadata
type: Class
description: A class representing metadata used to describe the provenance, identity, structure, or context of another resource in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for descriptive information about resources and activities.
definition: Information that describes the provenance, identity, structure, context, or management of another resource.

Normalization Basis
type: Class
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying normalization basis.
comment: Core H2KG class for normalization reference concepts such as area, mass, or active surface area.
definition: The basis with respect to which a quantitative result or property is normalized.

Parameter
type: Class
description: A class representing a parameter specified as an input, setting, or condition for a process or measurement in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for reusable condition and setting concepts.
definition: A condition, setting, or specified variable used to characterize how a process, measurement, or material state is defined.

Process
type: Class
subclass of: Activity
description: A class representing a process that transforms material, produces data, or changes the state of a system in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for activities and operations in the experimental workflow.
definition: A temporally extended activity or operation that unfolds through one or more steps and may involve materials, instruments, parameters, and outputs.

Property
type: Class
description: A class representing a property that can be measured, computed, or otherwise assigned to a material, process, or system in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for characteristics that can be observed, measured, or reported.
definition: A characteristic, attribute, or measurable feature of an entity, material, process, or system.

Unit
type: Class
description: A class representing a unit used to express the value of a quantity in H2KG.
comment: Core H2KG class for measurement units used with quantity values.
definition: A unit of measure used to express the magnitude of a quantity value in H2KG.

ACAmplitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying acamplitude used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.

AC Input Amplitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ACInputAmplitude QV
description: A parameter specifying amplitude of the AC sinusoidal signal used to read impedance for strain sensing (not the small-signal EIS perturbation amplitude).

AFM Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: AFM microscope used for in-situ liquid AFM imaging (Agilent 5500).
alternative label: AFM (NanoMan VS
alternative label: Agilent 5500 AFM microscope
alternative label: Multimode 8 AFM (Bruker)

ATRFTIR Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
description: ATR–FTIR measurement to assess ester cross-link stability over acid exposure time.
alternative label: ATR–FTIR
alternative label: FTIR

Absorption Peak Wavelength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AbsorptionPeakWavelength QV
description: A property denoting wavelength of UV–Vis absorption maxima (e.g., porphyrin Soret/Q bands, peaks observed in solid-state/solution).
alternative label: absorption peak

Accelerated Stress Test Voltage Cycling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Lower Potential Limit
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Potential Ramp Time
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity AST
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Upper Potential Limit
measures: Half Wave Potential Shift Relative To Nafion
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Cell
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
description: Accelerated stress test: voltage cycling between 0.6–0.95 V for 30,000 cycles at controlled RH_AST.
alternative label: AST
alternative label: accelerated stress testing
alternative label: voltage cycling

Accelerating Voltage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AcceleratingVoltage QV
hasQuantityValue: AcceleratingVoltage QV 2
description: A parameter specifying accelerating voltage used to characterize Electron Microscopy Imaging, SEM Imaging Measurement, and X Ray Computed Tomography Measurement.
alternative label: SEM operating voltage
alternative label: TEM accelerating voltage
alternative label: acceleration voltage

Acetic Acid Solution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Diluted acetic acid used as peptiser for pseudo-boehmite.
alternative label: acetic acid

Acetone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Acetone used as component of ink solvent (50 vol.% in acetone:isopropanol mixture).
alternative label: acetone (nitrogen source mixture component)
alternative label: acetone mixing solvent
alternative label: acetone solvent

Acetonitrile
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: An material entity used for acetonitrile.

Acetylene Black Carbon Black
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon black type (acetylene black) used as carbon powder in MPL inks.
alternative label: AB
alternative label: Acetylene Black
alternative label: Shawinigan acetylene black

Acid Base Titration Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Castor Oil
hasInputMaterial: Soybean Oil
measures: Acid Doping Level
measures: Acid Value
description: Acid-base titration used to determine phosphoric-acid doping level (ADL).
alternative label: acid-base titration

Acid Doped PAAPVA Hydrogel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PAA/PVA hydrogel electrolyte after doping with aqueous sulfuric acid; used as thin-film electrolyte/binder.
alternative label: acid-doped PAA/PVA

Acid Doping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Process of doping cross-linked PAA/PVA films by immersion in sulfuric acid solution to tune ionic strength.
alternative label: phosphoric acid doping

Acid Doping Level
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AcidDopingLevel QV
description: A property denoting phosphoric-acid doping level of PBI/PIM membrane (mol PA per mol repeat unit).
alternative label: ADL
alternative label: PA-doping level
alternative label: PA_dop

Acid Etching Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Hydrochloric Acid
hasParameter: Acid Etching Repetitions
hasParameter: Hydrochloric Acid Concentration
description: Acid washing/etching step to remove Fe species (6 M HCl, repeated).
alternative label: acid etching

Acid Etching Repetitions
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AcidEtchingRepetitions QV
description: A parameter specifying acid etching repetitions used to characterize Acid Etching Process.
alternative label: etch repetitions

Acid Leached Steam Activated Fe NC Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Steam-activated Fe-N-C after oxalic acid leaching to remove Fe3O4, followed by reheating.
alternative label: acid-leached steam-activated Fe-N-C

Acid Leaching Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Steam Activated Fe NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Vermiculite
hasOutputMaterial: Acid Leached Steam Activated Fe NC Catalyst
hasOutputMaterial: Silica Nanosheet
description: Process to generate silica nanosheets from vermiculite by acid treatment.
alternative label: acid leaching
alternative label: acid–leaching method
alternative label: oxalic acid leaching

Acid Mass Uptake Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AcidMassUptakeRatio QV
description: A property denoting fractional mass increase upon acid doping measured by QCM (Δm/m0); used to estimate acid uptake.
alternative label: mass uptake ratio

Acid Treatment Of CCM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
description: A manufacturing process for acid treatment of CCM using Catalyst Coated Membrane.
alternative label: acid-treated CCM

Acid Uptake Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of QCM-measured mass uptake and derived proton concentration vs dopant concentration.
alternative label: acid uptake data

Acid Uptake Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Acid Doping Level
measures: Acid Uptake Weight Percent
description: Measurement of phosphoric acid uptake and acid doping level (ADL) by mass difference.
alternative label: PA uptake measurement

Acid Uptake Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AcidUptakeWeightPercent QV
description: A property denoting acid uptake weight percent and determined in Acid Uptake Measurement.
alternative label: Acid uptake (wt%)
alternative label: acid uptake

Acid Value
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AcidValue QV
description: A property denoting acid value and determined in Acid Base Titration Measurement.
alternative label: acidity

Acoustic Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AcousticFrequency QV
description: A parameter specifying jetting actuation frequency used for inkjet printing.
alternative label: sonication frequency
alternative label: ultrasonic frequency

Activated Carbon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Activated carbon used as benchmark cathode catalyst / base cathode material.
alternative label: AC
alternative label: activated carbon (Norit SX Ultra)
alternative label: activated carbon control

Activated Sludge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Activated sludge inoculum used in microbial fuel cell electrolyte.
description: Activated sludge mixed with buffer (50:50) used as MFC anolyte/catholyte medium in performance tests.
alternative label: AS

Activated Sludge Volume Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ActivatedSludgeVolumePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying volume percent of activated sludge in the MFC electrolyte mixture.
alternative label: AS %
alternative label: activated sludge % in volume

Activation Mechanism Time Scale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ActivationMechanismTimeScale QV
description: A parameter specifying activation mechanism time scale.

Additive A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Commercial dispersant additive added to catalyst ink to improve dispersion stability; amount not specified.

Adhesion Tape Test Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Copper Film
hasInputMaterial: PET Substrate
description: Qualitative adhesion evaluation of Cu patterns on PET via adhesive tape test.
alternative label: tape peel test

Adsorbed Aggregate Lateral Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AdsorbedAggregateLateralSize QV
description: A property denoting adsorbed aggregate lateral size and determined in Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement.
alternative label: aggregate size (AFM)
alternative label: lateral size
alternative label: lateral size of adsorbed aggregates

Aemion Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydrocarbon anion-exchange ionomer (iodide form) used as binder/ion conductor in GDE catalyst layer (supplier: Ionomr). Not found in ontology; add as specific ionomer type.
alternative label: AemionTM
alternative label: AemionTM HNN5-00-X
alternative label: alkaline ionomer

Ag/AgCl
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a silver/silver chloride reference electrode and used as a reference electrode in electrochemical measurements.
alternative label: Ag/AgCl reference electrode
alternative label: Ag/AgCl reference electrode (Metrohm)
alternative label: saturated Ag/AgCl

Ag Ag Cl Potential Vs RHE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AgAgClPotentialVsRHE QV
description: A property denoting potential of Ag/AgCl reference electrode expressed on the RHE scale (offset/conversion factor) measured for each electrolyte batch.
alternative label: Ag/AgCl potential against RHE
alternative label: E_Ag/AgCl
alternative label: E_Ag/AgCl = 1.015-1.026 V_RHE

Ag NW Surface Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AgNWSurfaceDensity QV
description: A parameter specifying areal loading / surface density of deposited AgNW network (used to describe percolation threshold in coated films).
alternative label: mg/m²
alternative label: percolation threshold surface density
alternative label: surface density

Ag NW Weight Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AgNWWeightFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of AgNW relative to polymer/ink solids used to formulate the nanocomposite.
alternative label: w/w

Agglomerate Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AgglomerateDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying characteristic size (diameter) of carbon black agglomerates used in packing simulations.
alternative label: agglomerate size
alternative label: agglomerate size (nm)
alternative label: mean diameter of sediment particles

Agglomerate Shape
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying geometric morphology of agglomerates (spherical vs branched) varied in simulations.
alternative label: branched agglomerates
alternative label: spherical agglomerates

Agglomerate Size Distribution Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing agglomerate size distribution data generated by Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement, Laser Diffraction Scattering Particle Size Measurement, and Ultra Small Angle X Ray Scattering Measurement.
alternative label: agglomerate size distribution
alternative label: particle size distribution
alternative label: size distribution

Agglomerate Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AgglomerateSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting surface area of ink agglomerates (mentioned as an ink-stage descriptor; no numeric values in this source).

Aggregate Aspect Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AggregateAspectRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying shape descriptor for aggregates extracted from nano-CT (a_R=1 for sphere).
alternative label: a_R

Air
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Air used as cathode oxidant in polarization curves.
alternative label: H2/air
alternative label: reconstituted air
alternative label: unpressurized air

Air Breathing Cathode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Pressed cathode pellet exposed to air on one side and electrolyte on the other (no membrane).
alternative label: air-breathing cathode pellet
alternative label: cathode pellet

Air Breathing Cathode Fabrication
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Activated Carbon
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Black
hasInputMaterial: PTFE Polymer
hasInputMaterial: Three Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets
hasOutputMaterial: Air Breathing Cathode
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
description: Fabrication of air-breathing cathode pellets from AC/CB/PTFE mixture plus catalyst, pressed onto stainless-steel mesh current collector.
alternative label: air-breathing cathode
alternative label: cathode fabrication

Air Diffusion Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Pt-free sublayer (layer Z) adjacent to GDL, mainly for gas diffusion simulation in MCL
alternative label: gas diffusion simulation layer
alternative label: layer Z

Air Diffusion Layer Thickness Fraction In MCL
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AirDiffusionLayerThicknessFractionInMCL QV
description: A parameter specifying through-plane thickness fraction (percent) of layer Z within total cathode MCL.
alternative label: proportion in MCL

Al Content Wt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AlContentWt QV
description: A property denoting aluminum weight percent in LDH (from ICP-AES).
alternative label: Al content
alternative label: wt.% Al

Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AlcoholMassFractionInSolventMixture QV
hasQuantityValue: AlcoholMassFractionInSolventMixture QV 2
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of alcohol component in the solvent mixture (e.g., 1-propanol) used in dispersion/ink.
alternative label: alcohol fraction
alternative label: alcohol fraction in solvent
alternative label: alcohol-rich solvent

Alcohol Mole Fraction In Solvent Mixture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AlcoholMoleFractionInSolventMixture QV
description: A parameter specifying alcohol mole fraction in solvent mixture used to characterize Solvent Property Lookup.
alternative label: [alcohol]/[alcohol+water] (mol ratio)

Alkali Lignin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: An material entity used for alkali lignin.
alternative label: Kraft lignin
alternative label: lignin (alkali

Alkylpolyglycoside Surfactant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Non-ionic sugar-based surfactant used to improve wetting and encapsulate ferritin in micelles.

Alumina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aluminum oxide ceramic phase formed after sintering (gamma/delta/theta/alpha transitions).
alternative label: alpha-alumina
alternative label: aluminium oxide buffer layer
alternative label: aluminum oxide

Alumina Milling Media
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Alumina milling media used in dry mill-mixing.
alternative label: Al2O3 media
alternative label: alumina media

Aluminum Foil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Substrate used to capture extruded microfilaments.

Aluminum Foil Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an aluminum foil substrate and used as an input in Hot Pressing.
alternative label: aluminum foil
alternative label: substrate/backing

Aluminum Layer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AluminumLayerThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying thickness of deposited aluminum film (nm) before oxidation.
alternative label: Al layer thickness

Aluminum Nitrate Additive
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aluminum nitrate additive added to ferritin solution to improve dispersion / prevent agglomeration.
alternative label: aluminium nitrate

Aluminum Nitrate Molar Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AluminumNitrateMolarConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying molar concentration of aluminum nitrate stock/additive solution (mM).
alternative label: Al(NO3)3 concentration

Aluminum Nitrate Solution Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AluminumNitrateSolutionVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying volume fraction of aluminum nitrate solution added to ferritin solution (vol.%).

Aluminum Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Metallic aluminum substrate used for CNT forest growth (99.99% Al).
alternative label: Al substrate

Aluminum Thin Film Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Thin aluminum metal film deposited on Si wafer prior to oxidation to alumina.
alternative label: Al layer
alternative label: aluminium metal layer

Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Gas
hasInputMaterial: Hydrogen
hasInputMaterial: Nitrogen
hasInputMaterial: Selenium Powder
hasInputMaterial: Silver Foil
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputMaterial: Amorphous Carbon Deposit
hasOutputMaterial: Beta Ag 2 Se
hasOutputMaterial: Carbon Nanotube Forest
hasOutputMaterial: NCNT Fs Support
hasParameter: Annealing Duration
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Ethylene Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Gas Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Hydrogen Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Nitrogen Source Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Nitrogen Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Pre Purge Time
hasParameter: Pre Reduction Time
hasParameter: Reaction Temperature
hasParameter: Reaction Time
hasParameter: Water Vapor Volumetric Flow Rate
usesInstrument: Tube Furnace
description: A manufacturing process for ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition synthesis using Silver Foil, Selenium Powder, and Catalyst Layer with Tube Furnace and producing Beta Ag 2 Se, Carbon Nanotube Forest, and Amorphous Carbon Deposit.
alternative label: AP-CVD
alternative label: ambient pressure CVD
alternative label: ambient pressure-chemical vapor deposition

Amine Hydrolysis Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Mo S 2 Nanosheets
hasOutputMaterial: Mo S 2 Ni Fe 2 O 4 Nanohybrid
description: Amine hydrolysis step (with triethylamine) used to form MS@NiFeO nanohybrids.
alternative label: amine hydrolysis

Aminoantipyrine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nitrogen-rich organic precursor (AAPyr) used to synthesize M–N–C catalysts.

Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an aminopropyltriethoxysilane and used as an input in Silica Coating Process.

Ammonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an ammonia and used as an input in Silica Coating Process.

Ammonium Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Additive in ligand exchange chemistry (AA-assisted).
alternative label: AA

Ammonium Carbonate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an ammonium carbonate and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.

Ammonium Carbonate Solution Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AmmoniumCarbonateSolutionConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying molar concentration of ammonium carbonate pore-former solution added to ink.

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Phosphorus precursor used in wet co-impregnation.

Ammonium Hydrogen Difluoride
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Chemical used (4 M) to remove the halloysite template after carbonization.

Amorphous Carbon Deposit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an amorphous carbon deposit and produced in Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.
alternative label: amorphous carbon
alternative label: unstructured carbon deposit

Analytical Balance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Balance used to weigh substrates pre/post coating (air ionizer used to reduce static).
alternative label: A&D BM-20 microelectronic balance
alternative label: BM-20 microelectronic balance
alternative label: electronic balance

Analytical Centrifuge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Analytical centrifuge used to capture transmittograms/stability trajectory; not present as named Instrument in ontology.
alternative label: AC
alternative label: dispersion stability analyzer

Analytical Centrifuge Sedimentation Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasParameter: Centrifugal Acceleration
hasParameter: Centrifugation Speed
hasParameter: Centrifugation Time
hasParameter: Nanoparticle Mass Concentration
hasParameter: Sonication Time
measures: Bulk Sedimentation Time
usesInstrument: Analytical Centrifuge
description: Accelerated sedimentation/stability characterization using analytical centrifuge (AC); not present as named Measurement in ontology.
alternative label: analytical centrifuge

Angular Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AngularFrequency QV
description: A parameter specifying angular frequency used in dynamic rheology sweep (0.1–628 rad).
alternative label: angular frequency (rad)

Anion Exchange Ionomer Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Anion-exchange ionomer powder used in AEMFC electrodes (mixed with catalyst at 4:1 catalyst:AEI weight ratio).
alternative label: AEI powder
alternative label: anion-exchange ionomer (AEI) powder

Anion Exchange Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an anion exchange membrane and used as an input in MEAPolarization and Methanol Permeability Measurement.
alternative label: AEM
alternative label: anion exchange membrane (AEM)
alternative label: anion-exchange composite polymer membrane

Anion To Cation Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AnionToCationMolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying molar ratio between concentrations of anionic (A) and cationic (C) additives used to discuss flocculation extent (dimensionless).
alternative label: A/C
alternative label: A/C ratio
alternative label: molar ratio (A/C)

Annealing Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AnnealingDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of Pt(111) annealing step during surface preparation (1 h).
alternative label: annealing time

Annealing Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AnnealingTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying temperature used to anneal Pt(111) single-crystal surface during preparation (1600 °C).
alternative label: F2
alternative label: growth temperature
alternative label: °C

Annealing Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AnnealingTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of high-temperature annealing (graphitization).
alternative label: annealing duration
alternative label: heat treatment time
alternative label: oxidation time

Anode Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Anode catalyst layer (paper focuses on DMFC anode)
alternative label: anode catalytic layer
alternative label: anode layer
alternative label: catalyst layer

Anode Catalyst Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AnodeCatalystLoading QV
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A parameter specifying anode catalyst loading used to characterize MEAPolarization, Spray Coating, and MEAAssembly Process.
alternative label: Pt loading (anode)
alternative label: anode Pd/C loading
alternative label: anode Pt loading

Anode GDE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an anode GDE and used as an input in MEAAssembly Process and Hot Pressing.
alternative label: Pt GDE
alternative label: anode Pt GDE
alternative label: commercial gas diffusion electrode (GDE) used as anode

Anode MPL Carbon Support Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AnodeMPLCarbonSupportLoading QV
description: A parameter specifying anode MPL carbon support loading.
alternative label: carbon loading in the anode MPL

Anode Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AnodePotential QV
description: A property denoting anode electrode potential measured vs Ag/AgCl during operation/polarization.
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: MFC-CIFe
alternative label: MFC-Pt

Anode Reaction Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AnodeReactionResistance QV
description: A property denoting combined anode reaction resistance ARR = Rct*R0/(Rct+R0) reported for methanol oxidation at 0.5 V.
alternative label: ARR

Anode Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AnodeResistance QV
description: A property denoting description=Anode resistance extracted from anode ohmic drop during pulse (Ohm).
alternative label: RA

Anode Stoichiometric Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: AnodeStoichiometricRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying anode stoichiometric ratio (H2) = 1.5 (paper reports).
alternative label: anode stoichiometry
alternative label: λ_an
alternative label: λ_anode

Ansys Fluent Fuel Cell Module
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an ansys fluent fuel cell module and used in PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: Ansys Fluent 15.0

Anthraquinone 2 Sulfonic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Negative (anolyte) quinone electroactive material used in ORFB (AQS/AQSH2 couple).

Apparatus Specification Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Cell Active Area
measures: Liquid Flow Rate
measures: Positioning Accuracy
measures: Substrate Temperature
usesInstrument: Heated Vacuum Table
usesInstrument: Micropipette
usesInstrument: Peristaltic Pump
usesInstrument: XY Moving Stage
description: Capture reported equipment specifications (e.g., positioning accuracy).

Apparent Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting apparent density measured by helium pycnometry on fragments.
alternative label: ρ_a

Aqueous Organic Flow Battery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an aqueous organic flow battery and produced in MEAAssembly.
alternative label: quinone redox flow battery

Archimedes Density Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Bulk Density
description: Bulk density measurement of printed, pyrolyzed parts by Archimedes method.

Arduino Mega 2560
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Microcontroller used to receive g-code and control DIW printing.

Area Normalized Anode Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AreaNormalizedAnodeResistance QV
description: A property denoting anode resistance normalized by electrode area from EPS analysis (Ω·m^2).
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: MFC-CIFe
alternative label: area based resistance

Area Normalized Cathode Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AreaNormalizedCathodeResistance QV
description: A property denoting cathode resistance normalized by electrode area from EPS analysis (Ω·m^2).
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: MFC-CIFe
alternative label: area based resistance

Area Normalized Overall Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AreaNormalizedOverallResistance QV
description: A property denoting overall cell resistance normalized by electrode area from EPS analysis (Ω·m^2).
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: overall area resistance
alternative label: whole-cell area resistance

Areal Water Storage Space
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Fixed Charge Concentration In Dry Ionomer
hasParameter: Initial Membrane Water Content Lambda
hasParameter: Ionomer Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Membrane Thickness
hasParameter: Microporous Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Microporous Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Saturated Ionomer Water Content Lambda
hasQuantityValue: ArealWaterStorageSpace QV
description: A property denoting areal water storage space and determined in Water Storage Space Calculation.
alternative label: water storage capacity
alternative label: water storage space

Argon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Inert carrier gas used in Ar-5% H2 reducing atmosphere.

Argon 5 Percent Hydrogen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Non-explosive reducing gas mixture used for co-reduction experiments.

Argon Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Inert atmosphere used during pyrolysis heat treatment.
alternative label: carrier gas

Assembly Torque
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying assembly torque used to characterize MEAAssembly Process.
alternative label: clamping torque
alternative label: torque 40 lb-in

Astrocyte Cell Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AstrocyteCellArea QV
description: A property denoting average cell area for astrocytes on substrates, quantified from microscopy images.
alternative label: mean astrocyte area
alternative label: µm²

Astrocyte Percentage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AstrocytePercentage QV
description: A property denoting fraction of astrocytes in mixed neural culture attached to each substrate, quantified via immunostaining.
alternative label: % astrocytes
alternative label: percentage of astrocytes

Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Pt 111 Surface
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasOutputData: Surface Topography Dataset
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Cantilever Resonance Frequency
hasParameter: Cantilever Spring Constant
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Solvent Type
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Adsorbed Aggregate Lateral Size
measures: Catalyst Layer Morphology
measures: Film Thickness
measures: Graphene Flake Thickness
measures: Graphene Layer Step Height
measures: Ionomer Film Thickness
measures: Ionomer Patch Surface Coverage
measures: Ionomer Thin Film Thickness
measures: Pattern Surface Coverage
measures: Surface Roughness Ra
measures: Surface Roughness Rq
usesInstrument: AFM Instrument
description: In-situ atomic force microscopy imaging of PFSI adsorbed structures on Pt(111) in various water/n-propanol mixtures.
alternative label: AFM
alternative label: atomic force microscopy

Atomic Layer Deposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Nb B 2 Support
hasOutputMaterial: Pt On Nb B 2 Catalyst
description: Pt deposition process used to synthesize Pt/NbB2 catalyst (MeCpMe3Pt precursor).
alternative label: ALD

Automatic Plunge Freezer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for automated plunge freezing of TEM grids into cryogen (liquid ethane).

Average Chopped Fiber Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AverageChoppedFiberLength QV
description: A property denoting mean chopped SiC fiber length after mixing (mm).
alternative label: Average SiC fiber length (mm)
alternative label: average SiC fiber length

Average Pore Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AveragePoreDiameter QV
description: A property denoting average pore diameter and determined in X Ray Computed Tomography Imaging, Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement, and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement.
alternative label: average pore size
alternative label: mean pore diameter
alternative label: pore diameter

Average Pore Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: AveragePoreSize QV
description: A property denoting average pore size of carbon xerogel support (reported characteristic value).
alternative label: BJH pore size
alternative label: mean pore size
alternative label: pore size

BET Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for BET nitrogen adsorption (specific surface area, pore volume).
alternative label: BET analyzer (Micromeritics ASAP 2010)

BET Surface Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a BET surface analyzer and used in Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement.
alternative label: Gemini VII surface analyzer

BET Surface Area Nitrogen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BETSurfaceAreaNitrogen QV
description: A property denoting bET surface area measured by N2 adsorption at 77 K.
alternative label: BET area
alternative label: BET surface area (N2)
alternative label: S_BET(N2)

BET Surface Area Octane Adsorption
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BETSurfaceAreaOctaneAdsorption QV
description: A property denoting bET specific surface area of dry Pt/C powders measured using octane adsorption in dynamic vapour sorption (DVS). | Proposed because ontology has BETSurfaceAreaNitrogen/WaterVapor but not octane/DVS.
alternative label: BET
alternative label: BET surface area
alternative label: specific surface area

BET Surface Area Water Vapor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting bET-like surface area from water vapor adsorption; used for hydrophilicity metric.
alternative label: BET surface area (H2O)
alternative label: S_BET(H2O)

Backbone Attachment Molar Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BackboneAttachmentMolarPercent QV
description: A property denoting backbone attachment molar percent and determined in Ionomer Coating Simulation.
alternative label: RFB
alternative label: backbone attachment ratio
alternative label: molar % of backbone fluorine atoms attached to graphite

Bake Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BakeTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying bake temperature(s) in photolithography process.
alternative label: curing temperature

Bake Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BakeTime QV
description: A parameter specifying bake duration(s) in photolithography process.

Ball Mill
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Device for ball-milling dispersion of ink; not present as named Instrument in ontology.
alternative label: jar mill
alternative label: roller mill

Ball Milling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Ethanol
hasInputMaterial: Zirconia Milling Balls
hasInputMaterial: Zirconium Diboride Powder
hasParameter: Ball Milling Time
hasParameter: Ball To Powder Ratio
hasParameter: Milling Media Diameter
hasParameter: Rotation Rate
usesInstrument: Ball Mill
usesInstrument: Planetary Mixer
description: Dispersion method for catalyst ink; not present as a named process in ontology.
alternative label: Fritsch planetary mill
alternative label: planetary milling
alternative label: roller mill

Ball Milling Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BallMillingTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of ball milling/mixing step during ink preparation (10 min in this study).
alternative label: ball milling for 10 minutes
alternative label: milling time
alternative label: mixing time (ball milling)

Ball To Powder Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BallToPowderRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of milling media to powder during dry milling.

Band Gap Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BandGapEnergy QV
description: A property denoting optical band gap energy estimated from UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and Tauc plot.
alternative label: Eg
alternative label: band gap
alternative label: energy bandgap

Bandgap Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BandgapEnergy QV
description: A property denoting bandgap energy and determined in Review Statement Extraction, Reported Material Property, and UV Visible Spectroscopy Measurement.
alternative label: Eg
alternative label: band gap
alternative label: narrow bandgap

Bath Solute Mass Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BathSoluteMassConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying mass concentration of solutes in electroless copper plating bath.
alternative label: g/L

Bath Solute Volume Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BathSoluteVolumeConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying volume-based concentration of additives/reductant in electroless copper plating bath.
alternative label: mL/L

Battery Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a battery analyzer and used in Organic Flow Battery Polarization Measurement and Galvanostatic Charge Discharge Measurement.
alternative label: battery analyzer (TOB

Bead Mill Machine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Bead-mill instrument used to grind and disperse ink components during catalyst ink preparation.

Bending Cycle Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BendingCycleCount QV
description: A parameter specifying number of bending cycles applied during cyclic bending durability test.

Bending Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BendingFrequency QV
description: A parameter specifying bending cycle frequency used in cyclic bending tests.
alternative label: cycles/min

Bending Radius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BendingRadius QV
description: A parameter specifying radius of curvature used in cyclic bending durability tests.
alternative label: radius of curvature

Beta Ag 2 Se
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a beta ag 2 se and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation and Ultrasonic Liquid Exfoliation.
alternative label: β-Ag2Se

Beta Si C Phase
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Crystalline silicon carbide phase observed in XRD at high sintering temperatures (≥1200°C).
alternative label: beta-SiC
alternative label: β-SiC

Bias Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying bias current used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.
alternative label: current (A)
alternative label: working current

Bias Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying bias potential used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.
alternative label: applied potential
alternative label: cell potential
alternative label: holding potential

Binder Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BinderMassFraction QV
hasQuantityValue: BinderMassFraction QV 2
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of polymer binder in catalyst layer (wt.% of total solids).
alternative label: HPMC

Binder Mass Loss Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BinderMassLossFraction QV
description: A property denoting binder mass loss fraction and determined in Thermogravimetric Analysis Measurement.
alternative label: binder loss

Binder Type
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying binder type used to characterize MEAPolarization and Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: I2 binder
alternative label: PTFE binder
alternative label: polymer binder

Binding Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BindingEnergy QV
description: A property denoting binding energy position of XPS peaks (eV) used to evidence fluorocarbon species on Pt(111).
alternative label: XPS binding energy
alternative label: XPS peak binding energy

Biodiesel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Biodiesel product phase enriched in fatty acid methyl esters.

Biomass Derived Few Layer Graphene Flakes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Few-layer graphene flakes produced from biomass via solvent-free shearing + catalytic carbothermal graphitization (main sample).
alternative label: biomass-derived graphene flakes
alternative label: micron-scale graphene flakes
alternative label: sawdust-derived graphene

Biomass Precursor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Generic biomass feedstock used as carbon precursor (e.g., sawdust, coconut husk, peanut shell, corncob, tea leaves, gingko leaves, wheat straw).

Biomimetic Vein Structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BiomimeticVeinStructure QV
description: A property denoting hierarchical pore architecture inspired by leaf veins.
alternative label: leaf vein structure

Blue Dye
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Colorant added to DIW photocurable ink.
alternative label: blue dye (Estudio Rit.)

Boiling Point
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BoilingPoint QV
description: A property denoting boiling point of solvent; proxy for volatility and drying behavior.
alternative label: Tb
alternative label: boiling temperature
alternative label: bp

Boiling Pretreatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Boiling membrane/CCM in water (or peroxide solutions) as pre-hydration/cleaning step.
alternative label: H2O2 boiling
alternative label: boil pretreatment
alternative label: water boiling

Break In Procedure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasParameter: Anode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Cathode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
hasParameter: Conditioning Time
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Gas Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Temperature
description: MEA break-in/conditioning procedure prior to characterization (current hold + voltage steps).
alternative label: activation procedure
alternative label: break-in
alternative label: conditioning procedure

Break Time Between Spray Cycles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: BreakTimeBetweenSprayCycles QV
description: A parameter specifying break time between spray cycles used to characterize Spray Coating.
alternative label: break time

Brush Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasParameter: Coating Air Velocity
hasParameter: Coating Temperature
description: Manual/low-shear coating method for depositing catalyst inks.
alternative label: brushed into the MPL
alternative label: brushed onto membrane
alternative label: brushing

Bulk Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BulkDensity QV
description: A property denoting bulk density computed from mass/volume of printed lattice body.
alternative label: Archimedes density
alternative label: ink density
alternative label: ρ_b

Bulk Sedimentation Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: BulkSedimentationTime QV
description: A property denoting time to bulk sedimentation / phase separation in analytical centrifuge transmittograms; not present as named Property in ontology.
alternative label: BsT

Butylamine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Butylamine solvent commonly used for CQD inks in the review.

C 1 s Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: C1sAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of carbon (from C 1s signal) measured by XPS.
alternative label: C atomic percent
alternative label: carbon atomic percent

C 1 s Peak Fraction CC CH
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: C1sPeakFraction CC CH QV
description: A property denoting fraction (%) of C1s peak assigned to C=C/C–C/C–H at 284.50 eV from XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: C=C
alternative label: C−H peak fraction

C 1 s Peak Fraction C O
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: C1sPeakFraction C O QV
description: A property denoting fraction (%) of C1s peak assigned to C–O at 286.50 eV from XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: C-O peak fraction

C 1 s Peak Fraction Ceq O
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: C1sPeakFraction CeqO QV
description: A property denoting fraction (%) of C1s peak assigned to C=O at 288.00 eV from XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: C=O peak fraction

C 1 s Peak Fraction O Ceq O
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: C1sPeakFraction O CeqO QV
description: A property denoting fraction (%) of C1s peak assigned to O=C–O at 289.00 eV from XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: O=C−O peak fraction

CHOSPEEK 64
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Cross-linked HO-SPEEK-64 hydrocarbon membrane/ionomer after hot-press crosslinking.
alternative label: cross-linked HO-SPEEK-64

CI Co Composite Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Composite cathode catalyst consisting of Co3O4 blended with conductive ink (microporous conductive matrix).
alternative label: CICo

CI Fe Composite Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Composite cathode catalyst consisting of Fe3O4 blended with conductive ink (microporous conductive matrix).
alternative label: CIFe

CNT Growth Yield Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CNTGrowthYieldPercent QV
description: A property denoting yield of CNT growth based on fraction of catalyst particles that produce CNTs (%).
alternative label: yield of obtained CNTs

CO 2 Conversion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CO2Conversion QV
description: A property denoting CO 2 conversion and determined in Dry Reforming Of Methane Performance Measurement.
alternative label: X_CO2
alternative label: carbon dioxide conversion

COD Removal Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CODRemovalEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting wastewater treatment performance metric: percent COD removed between influent and effluent.
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: MFC-CIFe
alternative label: MFC-Pt

CO Stripping Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Activation method using CO adsorption/oxidation stripping to clean Pt surface.
alternative label: CO-stripping

CO Stripping Specific Charge Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: COStrippingSpecificChargeDensity QV
description: A parameter specifying CO stripping specific charge density used to characterize Carbon Monoxide Stripping Voltammetry.
alternative label: charge density assumed for evaluating Pt surface area

CPE Admittance Y 0
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CPEAdmittanceY0 QV
description: A property denoting CPE admittance Y 0 and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.
alternative label: CPE1
alternative label: Y0
alternative label: Yo

CPE Exponent N
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CPEExponentN QV
description: A property denoting CPE exponent N and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.
alternative label: CPE exponent
alternative label: n (CPE exponent)

CV Cycle Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CVCycleCount QV
description: A parameter specifying number of consecutive CV cycles used for stability test.
alternative label: CV cycles

CV Potential Window
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CVPotentialWindow QV
description: A parameter specifying CV potential window used to characterize Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: CV potential range
alternative label: potential window

CV Scan Rate Cleaning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CVScanRateCleaning QV
description: A parameter specifying cV cleaning scan rate 50 mV/s for 30 cycles.
alternative label: conditioning scan rate

CV Scan Rate Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CVScanRateMeasurement QV
description: A parameter specifying cV measurement scan rate 20 mV/s for 10 cycles.
alternative label: CV scan rate
alternative label: scan rate

Cantilever Resonance Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CantileverResonanceFrequency QV
description: A parameter specifying typical resonance frequency of AFM cantilever (PPP-FM).

Cantilever Spring Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CantileverSpringConstant QV
description: A parameter specifying typical spring constant of silicon nitride cantilever used for AFM (PPP-FM).
alternative label: spring constant 2.8 N/m
alternative label: typical spring constant 2.8 N/m

Capacitance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: Capacitance QV
description: A property denoting total measured capacitance (non-normalized) of the electrode/electrolyte interface from EIS fit.
alternative label: C
alternative label: capacitance (total)
alternative label: capacitance (µF)

Capillary Furnace
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Capillary furnace used for heating vacuum-encapsulated specimens.

Capillary Pressure Estimation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Phosphoric Acid Saturation In Cracks
measures: Capillary Pressure In Membrane
description: proposed_new_term. paper_context: Procedure to infer membrane capillary pressure from operando crack saturation and ex situ saturation–pressure relation.
alternative label: capillary pressure derivation

Capillary Pressure In Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CapillaryPressureInMembrane QV
description: A property denoting proposed_new_term. paper_context: Capillary pressure (mbar) built up in membrane inferred from operando crack saturation vs ex situ filling curves.
alternative label: acid pressure in membrane
alternative label: capillary pressure

Carbon Agglomerate Core Radius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonAgglomerateCoreRadius QV
description: A property denoting carbon agglomerate core radius and determined in Contrast Variation SANSUSANS Measurement.
alternative label: core radius
alternative label: core radius of carbon agglomerates

Carbon Aggregate Effective Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonAggregateEffectiveDensity QV
description: A property denoting carbon aggregate effective density.
alternative label: effective density
alternative label: ρ_e

Carbon Aggregate Ionomer Particle Radius Of Gyration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonAggregateIonomerParticleRadiusOfGyration QV
description: A property denoting radius of gyration (Rg) of carbon aggregate–ionomer core–shell particles in catalyst ink (without contrast-match).
alternative label: Rg of carbon aggregate–ionomer particles
alternative label: carbon aggregate–Nafion particle size

Carbon Aggregate Radius Of Gyration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonAggregateRadiusOfGyration QV
description: A property denoting radius of gyration (Rg) of carbon support aggregates in catalyst ink (Nafion contrast-matched), from Guinier–Porod fits.
alternative label: Rg of carbon aggregates
alternative label: Rg of carbon aggregates in catalyst ink
alternative label: radius of gyration of carbon aggregates

Carbon Black
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon black additive used with activated carbon and PTFE to fabricate air-breathing cathode pellets.
alternative label: CB
alternative label: carbon black support
alternative label: nonporous carbon

Carbon Black Aggregate Anisotropy Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonBlackAggregateAnisotropyRatio QV
description: A property denoting anisotropy ratio of CB aggregates (ratio of long to short axis length in circumscribing prolate spheroid), used for validation (range ~1–4).
alternative label: anisotropy ratio

Carbon Black Aggregate Structure Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
hasOutputData: Agglomerate Size Distribution Dataset
hasParameter: Carbon Black Primary Particles Per Aggregate
hasParameter: Probability Density Morphology Parameter K
hasParameter: Voxel Size
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
measures: BET Surface Area Nitrogen
measures: Carbon Black Aggregate Anisotropy Ratio
measures: Mesopore Volume
measures: Micropore Volume
description: Simulation step that reconstructs 3D carbon black aggregate morphology using probability-density placement and surface roughness fitting (validated vs size/SSA/pore volume).
alternative label: CB aggregate structure simulation

Carbon Black Particle Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonBlackParticleSize QV
description: A property denoting primary carbon black particle size supporting Pt nanoparticles (nm scale).
alternative label: carbon black size
alternative label: carbon particle diameter
alternative label: carbon support particle size

Carbon Black Primary Particles Per Aggregate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CarbonBlackPrimaryParticlesPerAggregate QV
description: A parameter specifying number of primary carbon particles in each reconstructed aggregate (set to 55 for V-XC72 model).
alternative label: Number of particle per aggregate
alternative label: number of particles per aggregate

Carbon Black Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CarbonBlackVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying volume fraction/ratio of carbon black phase in the catalyst layer microstructure simulation (dimensionless).
alternative label: V_CB
alternative label: carbon volume ratio

Carbon Cloth Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: 3D carbon cloth substrate used as electrode support (mapped loosely to GasDiffusionLayer in ontology, but kept distinct here).
alternative label: CC
alternative label: carbon cloth
alternative label: treated carbon cloth

Carbon Dioxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Reactant gas for dry reforming of methane.

Carbon Dioxide Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CarbonDioxidePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying cO₂ concentration in incubator atmosphere used for cell culture.

Carbon Felt Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon felt substrate used as both anode and cathode electrode material in the MFC.
alternative label: Panex35 carbon felt
alternative label: carbon felt

Carbon Fiber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for carbon fiber.
alternative label: thick carbon fibers

Carbon Fiber Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonFiberDiameter QV
description: A property denoting carbon fiber diameter and determined in Electron Microscopy Imaging.
alternative label: fiber diameter
alternative label: nanofiber diameter

Carbon Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Metadata
hasQuantityValue: CarbonMass QV
description: Metadata corresponding to carbon mass and used to describe the provenance, identity, or context of another resource.
alternative label: g_carbon

Carbon Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CarbonMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of carbon powder in the ink formulation (wt.% of total ink).
alternative label: HH
alternative label: HL
alternative label: MPL ink carbon concentration

Carbon Monoxide Displacement Chronoamperometry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
measures: Sulfonate Coverage
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
description: CO displacement transient (I–t) to quantify displacement charge; used to infer sulfonate coverage / adsorbed species at set potentials.
alternative label: CO displacement chronoamperometry

Carbon Monoxide Stripping Voltammetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ru Black Catalyst
hasOutputData: ECSA Dataset
hasParameter: CO Stripping Specific Charge Density
hasParameter: Carbon Monoxide Volume Percent
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Conditioning Time
hasParameter: Contamination Time
hasParameter: Lower Potential Limit
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Upper Potential Limit
measures: Electrochemically Active Surface Area
measures: Ionomer Connected Electrochemically Active Surface Area
measures: Peak Potential
measures: Water Activated Electrochemically Active Surface Area
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Cell
description: CO stripping voltammetry measurement to quantify ECSA at different RH levels.
alternative label: CO voltammetry stripping
alternative label: CO-stripping voltammogram
alternative label: carbon monoxide stripping

Carbon Monoxide Volume Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CarbonMonoxideVolumePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying cO concentration in N2 used for contamination (vol.%).

Carbon Nanotube
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for carbon nanotube.
alternative label: carbon nanotube array

Carbon Nanotube Complete Decomposition Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonNanotubeCompleteDecompositionTemperature QV
description: A property denoting temperature above which CNT material is fully decomposed/oxidized in TGA under ambient atmosphere (°C).
alternative label: complete decomposition temperature

Carbon Nanotube Decomposition Onset Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonNanotubeDecompositionOnsetTemperature QV
description: A property denoting temperature at which CO2 evolution / CNT decomposition is first observed in TG-MS under ambient atmosphere (°C).
alternative label: decomposition onset

Carbon Nanotube Forest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a carbon nanotube forest and used as an input in Sputter Coating and Raman Spectroscopy Measurement.
alternative label: CNT forest
alternative label: vertically aligned CNT forest
alternative label: vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

Carbon Nanotube Forest Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonNanotubeForestHeight QV
description: A property denoting carbon nanotube forest height and determined in Electron Microscopy Imaging and Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging.
alternative label: CNT forest height
alternative label: forest height

Carbon Nanotube Outer Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonNanotubeOuterDiameter QV
description: A property denoting carbon nanotube outer diameter and determined in Electron Microscopy Imaging and Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging.
alternative label: CNT diameter
alternative label: VACNT diameter
alternative label: outer nanotube diameter

Carbon Nanotube Wall Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonNanotubeWallCount QV
description: A property denoting number of concentric graphene walls in a multiwalled carbon nanotube (TEM).

Carbon Nitrogen Defect Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonNitrogenDefectFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent contribution of carbon-nitrogen defect component in C 1s XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: C-N
alternative label: carbon-nitrogen defects

Carbon Oxide Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonOxideFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent contribution of carbon oxide component in C 1s XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: $Cx0y$
alternative label: C_xO_y

Carbon Pretreatment Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Modified CCVD step where only carbon source (ethylene) is fed initially to form a carbon layer before introducing N-source.
alternative label: carbon pretreatment

Carbon Primary Particle Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonPrimaryParticleDiameter QV
description: A property denoting diameter of primary carbon nanoparticles observed in HRTEM (reported ~25 nm).
alternative label: carbon particle diameter
alternative label: primary carbon nanoparticle diameter

Carbon Shell Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonShellThickness QV
description: A property denoting thickness of the graphitic shell of hollow primary carbon nanoparticles (reported ~3 nm).
alternative label: carbon shell thickness (graphitic planes)
alternative label: graphitic shell thickness

Carbon Support
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a carbon support and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation, Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement, and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement.
alternative label: carbon black
alternative label: porous carbon
alternative label: solid carbon

Carbon Support Accessibility
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CarbonSupportAccessibility QV
description: A parameter specifying carbon support accessibility.
alternative label: accessible mesopores

Carbon To Oxygen Atom Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonToOxygenAtomRatio QV
description: A property denoting carbon-to-oxygen atomic ratio reported from XPS.
alternative label: C/0 atom ratio
alternative label: C/O
alternative label: C/O atom ratio

Carbon To Surfactant Weight Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CarbonToSurfactantWeightRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of carbon to surfactant used in ink preparation (fixed at 13.5 in this study).
alternative label: NG:surfactant mass ratio
alternative label: surfactant-to-NG ratio

Carbon Weight Percent In Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonWeightPercentInCatalyst QV
description: A property denoting carbon weight percent in catalyst.

Carbon Xerogel X 85
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Homemade carbon xerogel support (X85) with tunable particle size; used as model carbon support.
alternative label: X85
alternative label: carbon xerogel
alternative label: homemade carbon xerogel

Carbon Yield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CarbonYield QV
description: A property denoting carbon yield (mass retained after pyrolysis) attributed to lignin content; referenced qualitatively and via TGA/porosity discussion (not tabulated).
alternative label: char yield

Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Final carbon material after drying/reduction at 250°C (air) and annealing/pyrolysis to 1000°C (Ar); characterized by XRD/Raman/adsorption/conductivity/mechanics.
alternative label: carbonized 3D-printed structure

Carbothermal Graphitization Annealing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Nitrogen
hasOutputMaterial: Biomass Derived Few Layer Graphene Flakes
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Annealing Time
hasParameter: Heating Rate
usesInstrument: Tube Furnace
description: High-temperature annealing under N2 (e.g., 1000°C) to promote Fe-catalyzed graphitization to graphene flakes.
alternative label: annealed
alternative label: catalytic carbothermal graphitization

Cardo Based Acrylic Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Alternative binder studied; showed more QD aggregation than SU-8-based composites.
alternative label: acrylated cardo oligomers

Carrier Gas Flow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying carrier gas flow used to characterize MEAPolarization, Spray Coating, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: H2 flow
alternative label: N2 flow
alternative label: air flow

Castor Oil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a castor oil and used as an input in Acid Base Titration Measurement, Gas Chromatography Measurement, and Iodine Value Measurement.
alternative label: CO

Catalyst And Ionomer To PEG Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystAndIonomerToPEGRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying Ratio of (catalyst + ionomer) to PEG additive used to define PEG addition level (e.g., 4:3).
alternative label: (cat+ionomer):PEG
alternative label: PEG200-3
alternative label: ratio of catalyst and ionomer to PEG

Catalyst Coated Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A membrane with catalyst layers directly coated on the membrane (CCM). Central object of review.
alternative label: CCM
alternative label: catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) method
alternative label: catalyst-coated membranes

Catalyst Coated Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for catalyst coated substrate.
alternative label: CCS

Catalyst Impregnation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
used: Precursor Solution
used: Support Material
hasInputMaterial: Precursor Solution
hasInputMaterial: Support Material
hasOutputMaterial: Impregnated Support
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Drying Time
hasParameter: Impregnation Cycles
hasParameter: Precursor Concentration
usesInstrument: Oven
description: A manufacturing process for catalyst impregnation using Support Material and Precursor Solution with Oven and producing Impregnated Support.
alternative label: incipient wetness impregnation
alternative label: wetness impregnation

Catalyst Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
description: Catalyst-layer ink/slurry composed of carbon + PFSA dispersion + solvents, prior to coating.
alternative label: HC catalyst ink
alternative label: PFSA reference ink
alternative label: catalyst solution

Catalyst Ink Preparation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
used: Catalyst Powder
used: Ionomer Solution
used: Solvent
hasInputMaterial: Acetone
hasInputMaterial: Activated Carbon
hasInputMaterial: Additive A
hasInputMaterial: Aemion Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Ammonium Carbonate
hasInputMaterial: Beta Ag 2 Se
hasInputMaterial: Biomass Derived Few Layer Graphene Flakes
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Support
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Powder
hasInputMaterial: Co NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Co TMPP Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Cobalt Hexadecanethiolate
hasInputMaterial: Cobalt II Nitrate Hexahydrate
hasInputMaterial: Dimethyl Sulfoxide
hasInputMaterial: Dimethylacetamide
hasInputMaterial: Dimethylformamide
hasInputMaterial: Dipropyl Ketone
hasInputMaterial: Ethanol
hasInputMaterial: Ethyl Acetate
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Glycol
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Glycerol
hasInputMaterial: Graphene Nanoplatelets
hasInputMaterial: Hydrocarbon Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Ionomer Solution
hasInputMaterial: Iridium Oxide Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Iron III Nitrate Nonahydrate
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: Isopropyl Alcohol
hasInputMaterial: Mesoporous Carbon Support
hasInputMaterial: Methanol
hasInputMaterial: Mo S 2 Ni Fe 2 O 4 Nanohybrid
hasInputMaterial: N Methyl 2 Pyrrolidone
hasInputMaterial: N Propanol
hasInputMaterial: NSPCN Fs Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Nafion Solution
hasInputMaterial: Nickel Butanethiolate
hasInputMaterial: Nitrogen Doped Graphene
hasInputMaterial: PDL
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: PTFE Polymer
hasInputMaterial: Palladium Chloride
hasInputMaterial: Pd On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Phosphoric Acid Protonated Polybenzimidazole
hasInputMaterial: Platinum Black Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Poly Acrylic Acid
hasInputMaterial: Polybenzimidazole
hasInputMaterial: Polycarbosilane Preceramic Polymer SMP 10
hasInputMaterial: Polyethylene Glycol
hasInputMaterial: Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
hasInputMaterial: Polyvinylidene Fluoride
hasInputMaterial: Protic Ionic Liquid Grafted Polybenzimidazole
hasInputMaterial: Pt Alloy Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Pt Co On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ketjen Black Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Pt NCNT Fs Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ru Black Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ru On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: SPFSO 2 NHGCIOH Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Silica Coated Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Silicon Carbide Chopped Fiber
hasInputMaterial: Silver Nanowire
hasInputMaterial: Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
hasInputMaterial: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
hasInputMaterial: Sodium Lauryl Sulfonate
hasInputMaterial: Solvent
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasInputMaterial: St Co DMAEMA Oligomer
hasInputMaterial: Sulfonated Poly Ether Ether Ketone
hasInputMaterial: Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide
hasInputMaterial: Tetrahydrofuran
hasInputMaterial: Three Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets

Catalyst Ink Structure Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing catalyst ink structure data generated by Catalyst Ink Preparation, Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement, and Contrast Variation SANSUSANS Measurement.
alternative label: catalyst ink structure
alternative label: ink structure data
alternative label: structural parameters dataset

Catalyst Layer Acid Loading Determination
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Phosphoric Acid Loading
description: CL H3PO4 loading estimated from mass difference before/after doping; not found in ontology.

Catalyst Layer Composition Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Fiber Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Fiber Ionomer Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Particle Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Total Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
measures: Ionomer Volume Fraction
description: Specification of catalyst-layer composition parameters used in calculations (e.g., ionomer volume fraction).
alternative label: CL composition specification

Catalyst Layer Conductivity Exponent B
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystLayerConductivityExponentB QV
description: A parameter specifying catalyst layer conductivity exponent B used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: B
alternative label: CL conductivity exponent B

Catalyst Layer Conductivity Prefactor A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystLayerConductivityPrefactorA QV
description: A parameter specifying catalyst layer conductivity prefactor A used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.

Catalyst Layer Microstructure Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputData: Conductivity Dataset
hasParameter: Carbon Black Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
measures: Relative Proton Conductivity
measures: Relative Proton Conductivity Coefficient Low RIC
measures: Relative Proton Conductivity Exponent RIC High
measures: Relative Proton Conductivity Exponent RIC Low
measures: Relative Proton Conductivity Exponent VCB
measures: Relative Proton Conductivity Threshold RIC
description: Simulation that packs reconstructed CB aggregates into a 3D catalyst layer, applies ionomer coating model, and computes ionomer connectivity/tortuosity and relative proton conductivity.
alternative label: catalyst layer simulation

Catalyst Layer Morphology
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting qualitative morphology of sprayed catalyst layer surface (e.g., cracked mudflat vs loose particle deposits) inferred from SEM.
alternative label: cracked mudflat morphology
alternative label: mud-crack morphology
alternative label: surface morphology

Catalyst Layer Porosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying catalyst layer porosity used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation, Electrochemical Reaction Simulation, and Catalyst Layer Composition Specification.
alternative label: CL porosity
alternative label: ε_CL
alternative label: ε_V

Catalyst Layer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying catalyst layer thickness used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, Transmission Line Model Analysis, and PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: cathode CL thickness
alternative label: δC
alternative label: δ_CL

Catalyst Layer Thickness Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Membrane Thickness
usesInstrument: Micrometer
description: Measurement/reporting of catalyst layer thickness as a function of Pt loading.
alternative label: catalyst layer thickness
alternative label: cathode catalyst layer thickness
alternative label: thickness measurement (ImageJ from SEM cross-sections)

Catalyst Layer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CatalystLayerThickness QV
description: A property denoting thickness of catalyst layer (typically in µm; ordered CLs can be <1 µm).
alternative label: CL thickness

Catalyst Layer Tortuosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying catalyst layer tortuosity.
alternative label: geometric tortuosity
alternative label: tau_geo

Catalyst Layer Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Normalization Basis
description: A normalization basis corresponding to catalyst layer volume and used as the reference basis for reporting quantitative results or properties.

Catalyst Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystLoading QV
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A parameter specifying catalyst loading used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement.
alternative label: Pt loading
alternative label: anode Pt loading
alternative label: target Pt loading

Catalyst Loading Determination
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode GDE
measures: Anode Catalyst Loading
measures: Catalyst Loading
measures: Catalyst Platinum Mass Fraction
measures: Cathode Catalyst Loading
measures: Pt Loading
usesInstrument: Analytical Balance
usesInstrument: ICPAES Instrument
usesInstrument: Micro X Ray Fluorescence Measurement
usesInstrument: Micro X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
usesInstrument: Microbalance
usesInstrument: Quartz Crystal Microbalance
description: Determination of Pt loading (mg_Pt/cm2) by weighing and Pt wt% of catalyst.
alternative label: Pt loading determination
alternative label: catalyst loading measured by XRF
alternative label: catalyst loading measurement

Catalyst Loading Pattern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying spatial catalyst loading pattern with hydrophilic/hydrophobic segments in the cathode catalyst layer.
alternative label: full loading pattern
alternative label: loading pattern
alternative label: strip pattern

Catalyst Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Normalization Basis
hasQuantityValue: CatalystMass QV
description: A normalization basis corresponding to catalyst mass and used as the reference basis for reporting quantitative results or properties.
alternative label: Pt mass
alternative label: catalyst mass (excluding ionomer)
alternative label: total catalyst mass

Catalyst Mass Concentration In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystMassConcentrationInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying Catalyst mass concentration in the ink (mg/mL of solvent).
alternative label: CQD ink concentration
alternative label: ink concentration

Catalyst Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying catalyst mass fraction in ink used to characterize Ink Formulation Specification Measurement.
alternative label: IrO2 contents in the ink

Catalyst Mass Fraction In Ink Solids
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystMassFractionInInkSolids QV
description: A parameter specifying catalyst mass fraction in ink solids used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation and Ink Recipe Definition.
alternative label: Pt/C (wt%) of total solid content
alternative label: Pt/C wt% in ink solids
alternative label: catalyst fraction in ink solids

Catalyst Particle Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CatalystParticleDiameter QV
description: A property denoting catalyst particle diameter and determined in Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging.
alternative label: diameter of catalyst particle

Catalyst Particle Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CatalystParticleSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting 3D reconstructed accessible surface area of a Pt/Ru catalyst network from electron tomography.
alternative label: SIRT/DART
alternative label: Surface area [nm²]
alternative label: accessible surface area

Catalyst Particle Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CatalystParticleVolume QV
description: A property denoting 3D reconstructed volume of a Pt/Ru catalyst network from electron tomography.
alternative label: SIRT/DART
alternative label: Volume [nm³]
alternative label: reconstructed volume

Catalyst Platinum Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystPlatinumMassFraction QV
hasQuantityValue: CatalystPlatinumMassFraction QV 2
description: A parameter specifying pt mass fraction in Pt/C catalyst powder (wt.%).
alternative label: Pt fraction in catalyst
alternative label: Pt fraction in catalyst (0.20)
alternative label: Pt mass fraction

Catalyst Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a catalyst powder and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: Umicore Elyst catalyst

Catalyst Ruthenium Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CatalystRutheniumMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting ruthenium mass fraction in PtRu black catalyst from EDX.

Catalyst Suspension Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystSuspensionConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying catalyst suspension concentration used in polymerization buffer.
alternative label: NG concentration
alternative label: dilution concentration

Catalyst To Binder Mass Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystToBinderMassRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of Pt black catalyst to sPEEK binder in cathode ink.
alternative label: Pt black to sPEEK ratio (19:1)

Catalyst To Nafion Solution Mass Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystToNafionSolutionMassRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying catalyst to nafion solution mass ratio used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: ratio of 7:3

Catalyst To Nafion Weight Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystToNafionWeightRatio QV
hasQuantityValue: CatalystToNafionWeightRatio QV 2
description: A parameter specifying weight ratio of catalyst (CoTMPP-based + additives) to Nafion in the cathode ink formulations (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3).
alternative label: N/C
alternative label: Nafion-to-carbon ratio
alternative label: catalyst:Nafion weight ratio

Catalyst Transfer Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CatalystTransferRate QV
description: A property denoting fraction/percent of catalyst layer transferred from substrate to membrane during decal transfer.
alternative label: decal transfer rate
alternative label: degree of catalyst transfer
alternative label: transfer rate

Catalyst Weight Percent In Oil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CatalystWeightPercentInOil QV
description: A parameter specifying catalyst mass fraction relative to oil mass (wt.%).

Catalyst Wetting Drying Treatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasParameter: Stirring Speed
hasParameter: Temperature
description: A manufacturing process for catalyst wetting drying treatment using Fe NC Catalyst and Water.
alternative label: wetting and subsequent drying
alternative label: wetting treatment
alternative label: wetting/drying treatment

Catalyzed Diffusion Medium Method
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: A manufacturing process for catalyzed diffusion medium method.
alternative label: catalyzed diffusion medium (CDM) method

Cathode Capacitance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CathodeCapacitance QV
description: A property denoting description=Cathode capacitance (Cc) extracted from cathode potential slope during discharge (F).
alternative label: Cc

Cathode Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Pt Loading
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Temperature
description: Cathode catalyst layer (low-Pt, varied ionomer content).
alternative label: CCL
alternative label: catalyst layer
alternative label: catalyst layer (CL)

Cathode Catalyst Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CathodeCatalystLoading QV
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A parameter specifying cathode catalyst loading used to characterize MEAPolarization, Spray Coating, and MEAAssembly Process.
alternative label: catalyst loading in air-breathing cathode
alternative label: cathode Pd/C loading
alternative label: cathode Pt loading

Cathode GDE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a cathode GDE and used as an input in MEAAssembly Process, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Linear Sweep Voltammetry.
alternative label: GDE
alternative label: PGM-free cathode GDE
alternative label: Pt-C/Nafion GDE

Cathode MPL Carbon Support Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CathodeMPLCarbonSupportLoading QV
description: A parameter specifying cathode MPL carbon support loading.
alternative label: carbon black loading in the cathode MPL

Cathode Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CathodePotential QV
description: A property denoting cathode electrode potential vs reference electrode at specified current density or open circuit.
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: MFC-CIFe
alternative label: electrode potential

Cathode Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CathodeResistance QV
description: A property denoting description=Cathode resistance extracted from cathode ohmic drop during pulse (Ohm).
alternative label: Rc

Cathode Starvation Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Break-in method using cathode oxygen starvation leading to H2 evolution/reducing conditions.
alternative label: cathode starvation

Cathode Stoichiometric Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying cathode stoichiometric ratio used to characterize MEAPolarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, and Break In Procedure.
alternative label: cathode stoichiometry
alternative label: λ_ca
alternative label: λ_cathode

Cathodic Stripping Peak Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting cathodic stripping peak current and determined in Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry.

Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasParameter: Deposition Potential
hasParameter: Deposition Time
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Cathodic Stripping Peak Current
measures: Peak Potential
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
description: A measurement process that uses cathodic stripping voltammetry to determine Cathodic Stripping Peak Current and Peak Potential using Electrochemical Workstation and generating Experiment Dataset.

Cd Se Zn S Quantum Dot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific quantum-dot composition used as model (green CdSe@ZnS core–shell QDs).

Cell Active Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CellActiveArea QV
hasQuantityValue: CellActiveArea QV 2
description: A parameter specifying cell active area used to characterize MEAPolarization, MEAAssembly Process, and Limiting Current Measurement.
alternative label: MEA active area
alternative label: active area
alternative label: geometric area

Cell Capacitance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CellCapacitance QV
description: A property denoting description=Apparent cell capacitance (Ccell) extracted from voltage slope during discharge (F).
alternative label: Ccell
alternative label: apparent capacitance

Cell Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CellLength QV
description: A parameter specifying cell length used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: length (mm)

Cell Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CellPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying cell pressure used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement.
alternative label: average cell pressure
alternative label: gas pressure
alternative label: kPa_abs

Cell Seeding Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CellSeedingDensity QV
description: A parameter specifying initial seeding density for mixed neural cells in cytocompatibility assay.

Cell Voltage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CellVoltage QV
description: A property denoting fuel cell cell voltage (V) under galvanostatic operation.
alternative label: U
alternative label: applied voltage
alternative label: cell potential

Cell Voltage Increase Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CellVoltageIncreaseRate QV
description: A property denoting Rate of increase of (iR-corrected) cell voltage during long-term galvanostatic stability test (mV/h).
alternative label: increase in iR-corrected cell voltage

Cell Voltage Loss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CellVoltageLoss QV
description: A property denoting cell voltage loss and determined in MEA Durability Measurement.
alternative label: mV loss
alternative label: mV loss at current density
alternative label: voltage loss

Cell Voltage Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CellVoltageLossPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent loss in cell voltage over a defined durability interval at constant current.
alternative label: voltage loss %

Cell Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CellWidth QV
description: A parameter specifying cell width used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: width (mm)

Centrifugal Acceleration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CentrifugalAcceleration QV
description: A parameter specifying centrifugal acceleration (relative centrifugal force) used in centrifugation tests.
alternative label: RCF

Centrifugation Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasParameter: Centrifugation Speed
hasParameter: Centrifugation Time
usesInstrument: Centrifuge
description: Separation step to isolate modified catalyst solids after polymerization.
alternative label: centrifugal concentration
alternative label: centrifuged
alternative label: centrifuging

Centrifugation Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CentrifugationSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying centrifugation speed during washing/cleanup.

Centrifugation Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CentrifugationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying centrifugation time during washing/cleanup.

Centrifuge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Used to centrifuge inks at 4000 rpm for bubble removal.

Ceramic Colloid Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a ceramic colloid ink and used as an input in Rheology Measurement and Direct Ink Writing.

Ceramic Yield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CeramicYield QV
description: A property denoting mass fraction retained after pyrolysis (reported up to 70%).

Cesium Formate Solution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aqueous Cs formate solutions (1.4–2.0 g/cm3) used as density floats to determine skeletal density of carbonized structures.
alternative label: aqueous cesium formate
alternative label: density float solutions

Channel To Spacer Area Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ChannelToSpacerAreaRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying channel to spacer area ratio used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.

Charge Discharge Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing charge discharge data generated by Galvanostatic Charge Discharge Measurement.
alternative label: charge/discharge profile
alternative label: cycling data

Charge Storage Capacity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ChargeStorageCapacity QV
description: A property denoting integrated charge per area obtained from cyclic voltammograms; used as indicator of electrode charge storage and percolation onset.
alternative label: CSC

Charge Transfer Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ChargeTransferCoefficient QV
description: A parameter specifying charge transfer coefficient used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation and Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: alpha_c
alternative label: electron transfer coefficient
alternative label: α_c

Charge Transfer Plus Mass Transport Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ChargeTransferPlusMassTransportResistance QV
description: A property denoting paper reports fitted EIS component as combined (Rct + Rm) and does not separate components.
alternative label: Rct+Rm
alternative label: large semicircle resistance

Charge Transfer Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ChargeTransferResistance QV
description: A property denoting charge transfer resistance and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, and Distribution Of Relaxation Times Analysis.
alternative label: R_ct
alternative label: charge transfer resistivity
alternative label: faradaic resistance

Chloroplatinic Acid Hexahydrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Platinum precursor used to impregnate ZIF-67 prior to pyrolysis to form Pt nanoparticles on NCNTFs.

Chronoamperometry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
hasParameter: Methanol Concentration
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Overpotential
hasParameter: Rotation Rate
hasParameter: Test Duration
measures: Current Retention Percent After Chronoamperometry
measures: Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient In Ionomer
measures: Oxygen Permeability
measures: Oxygen Solubility In Ionomer
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Rotating Disk Electrode System
description: Constant-potential current-time measurement used here for ORR durability (e.g., at 0.55 V vs RHE for 30000 s) and methanol tolerance.
description: Electrochemical stability test by holding potential/overpotential and recording current over time (I–t).
alternative label: chronoamperometric measurement
alternative label: chronoamperometry (I–t)
alternative label: continuous voltage chronoamperometry

Chronopotentiometry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Test Duration
measures: Cell Voltage
measures: Cell Voltage Increase Rate
description: A measurement process that applies constant current to determine cell voltage and cell-voltage increase rate over time.

Co 2 Co 3 Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: Co2Co3Ratio QV
description: A property denoting xPS-derived surface oxidation-state ratio for Co.
alternative label: Co2+/Co3+

Co 2 p Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: Co2pAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of cobalt (from Co 2p signal) measured by XPS.
alternative label: Co atomic wt.%

Co AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PGM-free Co-N-C catalyst prepared using aminoantipyrine (AAPyr) precursor via sacrificial support method.
description: PGM-free M-N-C catalyst synthesized from Co nitrate + aminoantipyrine precursor via SSM.
alternative label: Co-AAPyr

Co Mn AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Bimetallic PGM-free Co–Mn–N–C catalyst (AAPyr-derived).
alternative label: Co-Mn
alternative label: Co-Mn-AAPyr

Co NC Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a co NC catalyst and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: Co-N-C
alternative label: laboratory made Co–N–C catalyst

Co Ni AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Bimetallic PGM-free Co–Ni–N–C catalyst (AAPyr-derived).
alternative label: Co-Ni
alternative label: Co-Ni-AAPyr

Co Reduction Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Hydrogen reduction of blended oxides (Fe2O3+NiO+MoO3) to metals, enabling subsequent alloy formation.
alternative label: co-reduction

Co TMPP Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a co TMPP catalyst and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation, Electron Microscopy Imaging, and Pyrolysis Process.
alternative label: CoTMPP
alternative label: pyrolyzed Co porphyrin catalyst

Co To N Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CoToNRatio QV
description: A property denoting ratio of cobalt to nitrogen signal (Co/N) reported from XPS quantification.
alternative label: Co/N
alternative label: Co/N ratio

Coagulating Agent Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoagulatingAgentMassFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of cationic additive (PEI) added relative to dry solid mass to induce flocculation/thixotropy.
alternative label: PEI
alternative label: coagulating agent

Coating Air Velocity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoatingAirVelocity QV
description: A parameter specifying air velocity during painting/ink application step.
alternative label: air velocity

Coating Gap
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoatingGap QV
description: A parameter specifying applicator gap setting used during coating (25–175 µm).
alternative label: gap-height

Coating Mass Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Printer Filament Diameter Setting
measures: Sample Mass
usesInstrument: Analytical Balance
description: Weighing Kapton support before/after coating to obtain deposited mass.
alternative label: dispensed mass measurement

Coating Repetitions
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoatingRepetitions QV
description: A parameter specifying number of repeated spin-coating cycles used to build film thickness.
alternative label: repeated 15 times
alternative label: repeated 5 times

Coating Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoatingSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying coating speed used with film applicator (10 mm/s).
alternative label: coating rod speed
alternative label: rastering speed
alternative label: rod speed

Coating Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoatingTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying ambient/plate temperature during ink painting/application step.
alternative label: deposition temperature
alternative label: painting temperature

Coating Weight Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
measures: Sample Mass
description: Gravimetric measurement of catalyst coating mass/weight on CCM.
alternative label: catalyst coating weight
alternative label: coating weight

Coating Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoatingWidth QV
description: A parameter specifying coating width used to characterize Slot Die Coating.

Cobalt Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Cobalt acetate precursor used (with iron acetate) for FeCo catalyst deposition.

Cobalt Hexadecanethiolate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Cobalt thiolate precursor (molecular ink)
alternative label: Co hexadecane thiolate

Cobalt II Nitrate Hexahydrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a cobalt II nitrate hexahydrate and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.

Cobalt II Oxide Co O
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) used as PLD target component with Fe2O3.
alternative label: CoO
alternative label: cobalt(II) oxide

Cobalt Nitrate Hexahydrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for cobalt nitrate hexahydrate.

Cobalt Oxide Co 3 O 4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) used as non-Pt ORR catalyst blended into conductive ink (CICo).
alternative label: Co3O4
alternative label: cobalt oxide

Cobalt Thiolate Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CobaltThiolateMass QV
description: A parameter specifying mass of Co-HDT used in ink formulation.
alternative label: Co-HDT mass

Cobalt Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CobaltWeightPercentInCatalystLayer QV
description: A property denoting eDS-reported normalized cobalt concentration in Pt–Co catalyst layer (wt.%).
alternative label: Co

Coefficient Of Determination R 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CoefficientOfDeterminationR2 QV
description: A property denoting prediction performance metric: coefficient of determination (R²).
alternative label: R2
alternative label: coefficient of determination

Coffee Ring Effect
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting non-uniform ring-like deposition pattern after droplet evaporation; suppressed by co-solvent and viscosity control.
alternative label: coffee-ring strain

Cold Isostatic Pressing Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: A manufacturing process for cold isostatic pressing process.
alternative label: CIP
alternative label: cold isostatic press

Cold Start Failure Voltage Threshold
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ColdStartFailureVoltageThreshold QV
description: A parameter specifying voltage threshold defining cold-start failure.

Cold Start Survival Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ColdStartSurvivalTime QV
description: A property denoting duration until cold-start failure (voltage < 0.1 V) at sub-zero temperature.
alternative label: start-up time
alternative label: survival time

Cold Start Test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cold Start Failure Voltage Threshold
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Initial Membrane Water Content Lambda
hasParameter: Mass Flow Rate
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Cell Voltage
measures: Cold Start Survival Time
description: Sub-zero start-up test procedure with voltage-time response under constant current density.
alternative label: cold start process
alternative label: isothermal cold start

Colloidal Method Ink Preparation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Acetone
hasInputMaterial: Isopropyl Alcohol
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: n Butyl Acetate
hasOutputMaterial: Microporous Layer Ink
description: Ink method where PBI forms colloid/precipitate when dripped into acetone and ultrasonicated; compared against solution method.
alternative label: colloidal method
alternative label: ink preparation
alternative label: slurry preparation

Colloidal Silica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Silica sol used for impregnation to strengthen porous ceramics.
alternative label: silica sol

Colloidal Silica Impregnated Porous Ceramic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Porous ceramic specimen after colloidal silica impregnation and second sintering.
alternative label: impregnated porous ceramic

Colloidal Silica Impregnation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Colloidal Silica
hasInputMaterial: Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
hasOutputMaterial: Colloidal Silica Impregnated Porous Ceramic
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Vacuum Pressure
usesInstrument: Vacuum Moulder
description: Vacuum-assisted immersion/impregnation of parts with colloidal silica binder (followed by second sintering).
alternative label: immersion in colloidal silica
alternative label: impregnation treatment

Colloidal Synthesis Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasOutputMaterial: Cu 2 WS 4 Nanocubes
description: Colloidal synthesis of Cu2WS4 nanocubes using metal chlorides + sulfur in oleylamine; heated 180°C then 300°C.
alternative label: colloidal synthesis

Color Difference Delta Eab
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ColorDifferenceDeltaEab QV
description: A property denoting color difference delta eab and determined in Xrite Optical Property Measurement.
alternative label: color difference
alternative label: ΔE
alternative label: ΔEab*

Component Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ComponentMass QV
description: A parameter specifying component mass used to characterize Ink Composition Specification and Ink Formulation Specification.
alternative label: Pt/C mass
alternative label: ingredient mass
alternative label: mass (g)

Component Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ComponentMolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying molar ratio between RM257 and EDDET (dimensionless).
alternative label: Co:Ni molar ratio
alternative label: molar ratio
alternative label: ratio 1.13:1

Component Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ComponentVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying volume of a component/reagent used in ink formulation or synthesis.
alternative label: Nafion solution volume
alternative label: dispersion medium volume
alternative label: solvent volume

Component Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ComponentWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying weight percent of an additive/component in an ink/resin formulation.
alternative label: weight percent

Compression Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying compression percent used to characterize MEAAssembly Process.
alternative label: compressive strain

Compression Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying compression pressure used to characterize MEAAssembly Process and Through Plane Thermal Conductivity Measurement.
alternative label: bolt compression
alternative label: clamping pressure
alternative label: contact pressure

Compressive Strength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CompressiveStrength QV
description: A property denoting maximum compressive strength of lattice under uniaxial compression.
alternative label: strength (MPa)
alternative label: strength at break

Compressive Strength Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasInputMaterial: Smart Elastomeric Cellular Foam
hasParameter: Crosshead Speed
measures: Compressive Strength
measures: Youngs Modulus
usesInstrument: Universal Testing Machine
description: Mechanical testing under compression to determine compressive strength of printed lattices.
alternative label: compressive strength test
alternative label: compressive stress-strain

Comsol Multiphysics
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a comsol multiphysics and used in PEMFCCFD Simulation.

Concentration Exponent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ConcentrationExponent QV
description: A parameter specifying concentration exponent used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation.

Conditioning Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ConditioningTime QV
description: A parameter specifying pre-equilibration/conditioning time at a step before measurement (min).
alternative label: conditioned for
alternative label: conditioning period
alternative label: hydration time

Conditioning Voltage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ConditioningVoltage QV
description: A parameter specifying conditioning voltage used to characterize Microelectrode Water Electrolyzer Polarization Measurement.

Conductive Carbon Grease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a conductive carbon grease and used as an input in Rheology Measurement and Selective Coaxial Ink 3 D Printing.
alternative label: Carbon Conductive Grease 846
alternative label: carbon grease

Conductive Silver Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Silver nanoparticle ink used for conductive traces; thermally cured/sintered.

Conductivity Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of thin-film conductivity vs RH, thickness, and dopant concentration.
alternative label: conductivity data
alternative label: conductivity vs RH data
alternative label: resistance data

Confocal Microscope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Confocal microscope used for immunofluorescence imaging to quantify astrocyte coverage and cell morphology on substrates.
alternative label: Olympus Fluoview 1000 confocal microscope

Contact Angle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ContactAngle QV
description: A property denoting static water contact angle on CCM surface; used as hydrophobicity indicator.
alternative label: droplet contact angle
alternative label: initial contact angle
alternative label: water contact angle

Contact Angle Decrease 0 to 200 s
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ContactAngleDecrease 0to200s QV
description: A property denoting contact angle decrease 0 to 200 s.

Contact Angle Goniometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a contact angle goniometer and used in Solvent Property Measurement and Contact Angle Measurement.
alternative label: sessile drop goniometer

Contact Angle Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Nafion 212 Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabric
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Droplet Volume
hasParameter: Needle Diameter
hasParameter: p H
measures: Contact Angle
usesInstrument: Contact Angle Goniometer
description: Sessile drop contact angle measurement on CCM surface.
alternative label: contact angle
alternative label: contact angle test
alternative label: water drop contact angle measurement

Contact Spring Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ContactSpringCoefficient QV
description: A parameter specifying contact spring coefficient used to characterize Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation.
alternative label: contact spring coeff cient
alternative label: contact spring constant

Contamination Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ContaminationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying cO contamination time before stripping cycles (min).
alternative label: CO exposure time
alternative label: contaminated for

Continuous Mode Printing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Conventional DIW printing mode where geometry is sliced into layers and filled with continuous filaments.
alternative label: continuous mode

Contrast Variation SANSUSANS Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasOutputData: Agglomerate Size Distribution Dataset
hasOutputData: Catalyst Ink Structure Dataset
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Isopropanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
measures: Carbon Agglomerate Core Radius
measures: Carbon Aggregate Ionomer Particle Radius Of Gyration
measures: Carbon Aggregate Radius Of Gyration
measures: Guinier Porod Dimension Variable
measures: Hydrodynamic Diameter
measures: Ionomer Film Thickness
measures: Ionomer Inter Particle Distance
measures: Ionomer Mass Fractal Radius Of Gyration
measures: Ionomer Nanoparticle Height
measures: Ionomer Nanoparticle Radius
measures: Mass Fractal Dimension
measures: Mean Particle Size
usesInstrument: Kookaburra USANS Instrument
usesInstrument: Neutron Scattering Instrument
usesInstrument: Quokka SANS Instrument
description: Combined contrast-variation small-angle and ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering (SANS+USANS) used to quantify hierarchical ink structure.
alternative label: SANS
alternative label: USANS
alternative label: contrast-variation neutron scattering

Convection Drying
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Drying Time
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Temperature
usesInstrument: Oven
description: Drying step in convection dryer after printing.
alternative label: annealed in convection oven
alternative label: convection dryer
alternative label: dried in convection dryer

Cooling Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoolingRate QV
description: A parameter specifying cooling rate after pyrolysis, varied (slow vs fast) and linked to catalyst morphology and stability.
alternative label: cool-down rate
alternative label: fast-cooled
alternative label: slow-cooled

Copper Film
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Electrolessly deposited copper metallization layer/pattern formed on PET after Pd activation.
alternative label: Cu film
alternative label: copper pattern

Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate; copper source in electroless plating bath (Solution A).

Coprecipitation Synthesis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasOutputMaterial: Ni Mg Al Layered Double Hydroxide
hasParameter: p H
description: Synthesis of LDH precursors by coprecipitation from metal nitrate solutions into Na2CO3 at controlled pH.

Core Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoreDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying core diameter.
alternative label: conductive core diameter
alternative label: core width

Corn Starch
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Corn starch used as binder/ingredient in conductive ink formulation.

Coulombic Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CoulombicEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting coulombic efficiency of full ORFB cell during galvanostatic cycling (discharge capacity / charge capacity).
alternative label: CE
alternative label: Coulombic efficiency (average)
alternative label: MFC-CICo

Coverage Equation RIC Max
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoverageEquationRICMax QV
description: A parameter specifying upper validity bound of the ionomer coverage correlation equation (Eq. 4).

Coverage Equation RIC Min
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CoverageEquationRICMin QV
description: A parameter specifying lower validity bound of the ionomer coverage correlation equation (Eq. 4).

Coverage Relaxation Rate Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CoverageRelaxationRateConstant QV
description: A property denoting inverse coverage relaxation time (τ−1 = R0/L), interpreted as first-order rate constant for oxidative desorption of intermediates.
alternative label: inverse of coverage relaxation time
alternative label: tau^-1
alternative label: τ−1

Crack Aspect Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackAspectRatio QV
description: A property denoting crack aspect ratio and determined in Crack Characterization Measurement.
alternative label: aspect ratio of cracks

Crack Characterization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Crack Aspect Ratio
measures: Crack Density
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
description: A measurement process that uses crack characterization measurement to determine Crack Density and Crack Aspect Ratio using SEM Instrument.
alternative label: crack characterization

Crack Connectivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackConnectivity QV
description: A property denoting proposed_new_term. paper_context: Percentage of CL cracks that fully penetrate thickness (pathway connectivity).
alternative label: fully penetrating cracks

Crack Connectivity Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Anode Catalyst Layer
measures: Crack Connectivity
description: proposed_new_term. paper_context: Analysis quantifying fraction of cracks fully penetrating the catalyst layer (connectivity metric).
alternative label: cluster connectivity analysis

Crack Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackDensity QV
description: A property denoting crack density and determined in Crack Characterization Measurement.
alternative label: areal density of cracks
alternative label: crack areal density
alternative label: surface crack density

Crack Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackLength QV
description: A property denoting characteristic crack length scale observed in SEM images.

Crack Volume Accessibility At 20 um
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackVolumeAccessibilityAt20um QV
description: A property denoting proposed_new_term. paper_context: Fraction (%) of crack volume accessible from membrane/CL interface to a 20 µm sphere (simulated MIP).

Crack Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackWidth QV
description: A property denoting characteristic crack width scale observed in SEM images.

Crack Width D 50 CWD
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackWidthD50 CWD QV
description: A property denoting proposed_new_term. paper_context: Median crack width from crack width distribution (CWD) analysis.
alternative label: d50(CWD)
alternative label: mean crack width (Table 1)
alternative label: median crack width

Crack Width D 50 MIP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackWidthD50 MIP QV
description: A property denoting proposed_new_term. paper_context: Median crack size from simulated mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP).
alternative label: d50(MIP)
alternative label: median accessible crack width

Crack Width Max
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrackWidthMax QV
description: A property denoting proposed_new_term. paper_context: Maximum observed crack width in CL (from XTM slice analysis).
alternative label: cracks width up to
alternative label: maximum crack width

Crawler Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrawlerSpeed QV
description: A property denoting speed of LCE-based crawler during thermal cycling.
alternative label: crawl speed
alternative label: mm/min

Critical Concentration Of Particles Per Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CriticalConcentrationOfParticlesPerVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying critical concentration of particles per volume (wt.%) defining maximum solids fraction before rheology transition.
alternative label: CCPV

Critical Crack Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CriticalCrackThickness QV
description: A property denoting largest dried film thickness at which primary cracks (PCs) do not occur during drying.
alternative label: CCT

Critical Crack Thickness Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Critical Crack Thickness
usesInstrument: Confocal Microscope
description: Determination of maximum film thickness without primary cracks during drying; assessed by confocal microscopy across thickness series.
alternative label: CCT measurement
alternative label: critical crack thickness

Critical Dielectric Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CriticalDielectricConstant QV
description: A parameter specifying critical dielectric constant used to characterize Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation.
alternative label: Ecrit
alternative label: critical electric constant

Crosshead Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CrossheadSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying crosshead speed used in compressive strength test.
alternative label: compressive speed
alternative label: stretching speed

Crush Strength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CrushStrength QV
description: A property denoting crush strength and determined in Crush Strength Measurement.
alternative label: radial crush strength

Crush Strength Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Colloidal Silica Impregnated Porous Ceramic
hasInputMaterial: Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
measures: Crush Strength
usesInstrument: Static Testing Machine
description: Radial crush strength measurement of cylindrical ceramic specimens.
alternative label: crush strength testing
alternative label: radial crush strength

Cryo Ultramicrotome
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Prepares neat cross-sections at -140°C for optical imaging.
alternative label: cryo-ultramicrotome (Leica EMFCS)

Cryo Ultramicrotome Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CryoUltramicrotomeTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying operating temperature of cryo-ultramicrotome during sectioning (°C).
alternative label: cryo temperature

Cryostat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Cryostat/temperature control unit for fuel cell test station.
alternative label: Lauda Eco Silver RE1050 cryostat

Cu 2 WS 4 Counter Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Counter electrode film based on Cu2WS4 nanocubes deposited on FTO glass.

Cu 2 WS 4 Nanocube Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Dispersion of Cu2WS4 nanocubes (in toluene) used for spin coating onto FTO as counter electrode film.
alternative label: CWS nanocube ink
alternative label: nanocube inks

Cu 2 WS 4 Nanocubes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ternary copper-tungsten-disulfide (Cu2WS4) nanocubes synthesized via colloidal process; used as catalytic counter-electrode material.
alternative label: CWS nanocubes
alternative label: Cu2WS4

Curing Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CuringTime QV
description: A parameter specifying time required for photocuring/curing of resin/ink layers.
alternative label: cure time
alternative label: cured within
alternative label: photocure time

Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CurrentDensity QV
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A property denoting current density normalized to Geometric Area and determined in MEAPolarization, Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, and Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: cell current density
alternative label: current flux density
alternative label: j0

Current Density Decay Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CurrentDensityDecayRate QV
description: A property denoting rate of current density loss during constant-voltage durability test.
alternative label: current decay rate
alternative label: decay rate
alternative label: degradation rate

Current Density Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CurrentDensityLossPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent loss from Tafel-step analysis attributed to connectivity/specific adsorption effects.
alternative label: current loss %

Current Density Per Pt Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CurrentDensityPerPtSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting current density normalized by Pt catalytic surface area (simulation output, A m_Pt^-2).
alternative label: A·m_Pt^-2
alternative label: current density per catalytic surface

Current Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CurrentEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting lED current efficiency metric reported for QD-based color conversion device.
alternative label: cd/A
alternative label: maximum current efficiency 0.85 cd/A

Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Frequency Range
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Solvent Type
measures: High Frequency Resistance
measures: Ohmic Resistance
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Milli Ohmmeter
description: A measurement process that uses Current-Interrupt HFR measurement to determine Ohmic Resistance and High Frequency Resistance using Fuel Cell Test Station and Milli Ohmmeter and generating Experiment Dataset.
alternative label: HFR measurement
alternative label: current interrupt
alternative label: high frequency resistance (HFR) measurement

Current Retention Percent After Chronoamperometry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: CurrentRetentionPercentAfterChronoamperometry QV
description: A property denoting percent of initial ORR current retained after constant-potential chronoamperometry durability test.
alternative label: current retention

Cyclic Bending Test Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Bending Cycle Count
hasParameter: Bending Frequency
hasParameter: Bending Radius
measures: Normalized Resistance
description: Mechanical cycling test where Cu patterns on PET are bent repeatedly and normalized resistance is tracked.
alternative label: bending durability test
alternative label: cyclic bending test

Cyclic Voltammetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Anthraquinone 2 Sulfonic Acid
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Dihydroxybenzene Disulfonic Acid
hasInputMaterial: Hydrogen
hasInputMaterial: La Ni O 3 Perovskite Oxide
hasInputMaterial: Nitrogen
hasInputMaterial: PDL Ag NW Composite Ink
hasInputMaterial: Platinum Coated Glass Slide
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Chloride Electrolyte
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Hydroxide
hasInputMaterial: Printed Gold Electrode
hasInputMaterial: Pt 111 Surface
hasInputMaterial: Sulfuric Acid
hasOutputData: Cyclic Voltammogram Dataset
hasOutputData: ECSA Dataset
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: CV Cycle Count
hasParameter: CV Potential Window
hasParameter: CV Scan Rate Cleaning
hasParameter: CV Scan Rate Measurement
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
hasParameter: Conditioning Time
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Ethanol To Water Volume Ratio
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Gas Flow Rate
hasParameter: Gas Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Hydrogen Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
hasParameter: Lower Potential Limit
hasParameter: Mass Flow Rate
hasParameter: Methanol Concentration
hasParameter: Nitrogen Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Pt Hydrogen Adsorption Specific Charge
hasParameter: Pt Loading
hasParameter: Reaction Area Position In Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Rotation Rate
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Upper Potential Limit
measures: Charge Storage Capacity
measures: Current Density
measures: Double Layer Capacitance
measures: Double Layer Capacitance Ratio
measures: Double Layer Capacitive Current Density
measures: Electrochemically Active Surface Area
measures: Gravimetric Specific Capacitance
measures: H 2 Desorption Peak Integral Current Density
measures: Onset Potential
measures: Peak Potential
measures: Peak To Peak Separation
measures: Pt Utilization
measures: Reduction Peak Current
measures: Reduction Peak Potential
measures: Reduction Potential
measures: Roughness Factor
measures: Surface Concentration
referenceElectrode: Ag/AgCl
referenceElectrode: Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode (H2 Anode in MEA)
referenceElectrode: Mercury Mercury Oxide Reference Electrode
referenceElectrode: Reference Electrode Mercurous Sulfate
referenceElectrode: Reference Electrode Mercury Mercury Oxide
referenceElectrode: SCE
referenceElectrode: SHE

Cyclic Voltammogram Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing cyclic voltammogram data generated by Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: cyclic voltammogram
alternative label: cyclic voltammograms
alternative label: voltammogram data

Cyclohexanol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for cyclohexanol.

Cyclohexanol Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: CyclohexanolMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of cyclohexanol in the catalyst ink formulation (wt.%). Proposed because ontology has specific alcohol mass-fraction terms (e.g., IsopropanolMassFractionInInk) but not cyclohexanol.

Cyclopentanone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Co-solvent used to suppress coffee-ring deformation and aggregation in QD inks.

DEM Time Step
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DEMTimeStep QV
description: A parameter specifying DEM time step used to characterize Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation.
alternative label: time step
alternative label: Δt

DLP Elastomer Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Acrylate-based elastomer resin printed by DLP (composition specified in paper).
alternative label: DLP elastomer

DLP Plastic Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Commercial acrylate-thiol photopolymer resin (ToughPoint™) used for DLP printing.
alternative label: DLP plastic

DLP Printing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Top-down digital light processing (DLP) vat photopolymerization used to print photopolymer matrix layers (not found in ontology).
alternative label: vat photopolymerization-based DLP printing

DLP Projector
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Projector-based exposure system used for DLP vat photopolymerization.
alternative label: digital projector (Vivitek D912HD) with modified optics

DLP Resin Tank
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Resin vat used in top-down DLP printing.
alternative label: resin tank

DLS Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for measuring particle/agglomerate hydrodynamic size distribution in inks/solutions.
alternative label: DLS
alternative label: dynamic light scattering instrument
alternative label: light scattering instrument

DLS Particle Size Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing DLS particle size data generated by Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement.

DLS Scattering Angle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DLSScatteringAngle QV
hasQuantityValue: DLSScatteringAngle QV 2
description: A parameter specifying scattering angle used for DLS measurements (90°).
alternative label: scattering angle

DMAEMA Monomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Tertiary-amine methacrylate monomer providing pH-responsive segments in the copolymer.
alternative label: DMAEMA

DMSO Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DMSOMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of DMSO in ink solvent (paper reports 5 wt% DMSO addition).

DRM Performance Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of DRM catalytic performance (conversions, etc.).
alternative label: DRM performance

DRT Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset containing calculated DRT spectra (e.g., G(f) vs frequency) and derived peak features from impedance spectra.
alternative label: DRT function G(f)
alternative label: DRT spectra

DSC Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a DSC instrument and used in Differential Scanning Calorimetry Measurement.
alternative label: DSC 3+ STARe System
alternative label: Mettler Toledo DSC
alternative label: NETZSCH STA449 F3 (DSC)

Data Acquisition Computer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Computer/data acquisition system used to store measured aging data.
alternative label: supervising computer

Dealloyed Pt Ni On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: proposed_definition=Dealloyed Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles supported on high surface area carbon (d-PtNi/C) used as cathode electrocatalyst.; Paper mentions approximate composition Pt3Ni2 after acid dealloying; not present as a dedicated term in ontology.
alternative label: d-PtNi

Debinding Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Thermal removal/decomposition of polymer binder and organics prior to sintering.

Debye Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DebyeLength QV
description: A parameter specifying debye length (κ^-1) of the dispersion medium used to interpret DLS hydrodynamic size changes.
alternative label: κ^-1

Decal Transfer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: N Propanol
hasInputMaterial: Nafion 211 Membrane
hasInputMaterial: PTFE Polymer
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Hot Press Pressure
hasParameter: Hot Press Temperature
hasParameter: Hot Press Time
hasParameter: Rolling Speed
hasParameter: Solvent Evaporation Rate
measures: Catalyst Transfer Rate
usesInstrument: Hot Press
usesInstrument: Roll Press Machine
description: Transfer of dried catalyst layer (decal) from PTFE substrate onto membrane during MEA fabrication.
alternative label: decal transfer method
alternative label: transfer through hot press
alternative label: transfer via hot-pressing

Decal Transfer Evaluation Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Catalyst Loading
measures: Catalyst Transfer Rate
description: Measurement workflow calculating Pt loading and catalyst transfer yield from decal film mass change during release.
alternative label: Pt loading measured by weighing

Deflection Criterion Calculation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Deflection Percent Of Filament Diameter
measures: Filament Deflection
measures: Minimum Storage Modulus Requirement
description: Analytical estimation of filament midspan deflection and required storage modulus based on literature equations.
alternative label: Eq. (1)-(3) calculation

Deflection Percent Of Filament Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DeflectionPercentOfFilamentDiameter QV
description: A property denoting deflection expressed as percent of filament diameter.
alternative label: % filament diameter
alternative label: % of the filament diameter
alternative label: deflection percent

Degradation Prediction Evaluation Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Fuel Cell Aging Dataset
hasParameter: Delay Layer Count
hasParameter: Hidden Neuron Number
hasParameter: Sliding Window Size
measures: Coefficient Of Determination R 2
measures: Mean Absolute Percentage Error
measures: Root Mean Square Error
description: Evaluation of data-driven degradation prediction models against measured aging datasets.
alternative label: degradation prediction
alternative label: prediction performance evaluation

Degree Of Sulfonation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DegreeOfSulfonation QV
description: A parameter specifying degree of sulfonation of sPEEK determined by 1H NMR.
alternative label: DS

Delay Layer Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DelayLayerCount QV
description: A parameter specifying model hyperparameter: number of delay layers in the network configuration.
alternative label: delay layer
alternative label: delay layer is 2

Delta S
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DeltaS QV
description: A property denoting delta S and determined in Xrite Optical Property Measurement.
alternative label: ΔS
alternative label: ΔS (A*)
alternative label: ΔS (B*)

Density Functional Theory Calculation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Phosphoric Acid
measures: Hydrogen Bonding Energy
measures: Phosphoric Acid Adsorption Energy On Pt
measures: Phosphoric Acid Binding Energy
description: Computational calculation (DFT) used to obtain adsorption/binding energies.
alternative label: DFT
alternative label: density functional theory

Density Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
measures: Bulk Density
description: Generic density measurement for ink/mixture (method not specified in this source).
alternative label: Density

Deposition Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying deposition potential used to characterize Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry.

Deposition Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DepositionRate QV
description: A parameter specifying volumetric deposition rate / volumetric flow rate during printing (mm^3/s).

Deposition Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying deposition time used to characterize Spray Coating, Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry, and Ink Extrusion Process.
alternative label: plating time

Designed Porosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DesignedPorosity QV
description: A parameter specifying porosity specified by the lattice design (open channels only).

Detection Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DetectionArea QV
description: A parameter specifying optical detection/measurement area used for device characterization.

Detection Limit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DetectionLimit QV
description: A property denoting detection limit.
alternative label: lowest detectable concentration

Development Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DevelopmentTime QV
description: A parameter specifying development time during photolithography.
alternative label: developed ... for a minute

Diacetone Alcohol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for diacetone alcohol.

Dialysis Bath Change Interval
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DialysisBathChangeInterval QV
description: A parameter specifying interval at which dialysis bath water is replaced during purification.
alternative label: bath change interval

Dialysis Purification Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: St Co DMAEMA Oligomer
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasParameter: Dialysis Bath Change Interval
hasParameter: Dialysis Time
description: Purification step to remove unreacted monomers by dialysis against DI water.
alternative label: dialysis purification

Dialysis Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DialysisTime QV
description: A parameter specifying time duration of dialysis purification step.

Diaphragm Pump
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a diaphragm pump and used in Organic Flow Battery Polarization Measurement.

Dibutyl Phthalate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Plasticizer used in ink formulation.

Dielectric Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DielectricConstant QV
hasQuantityValue: DielectricConstant QV 2
description: A property denoting solvent dielectric constant (relative permittivity), affects ionomer solvation and dispersion.
alternative label: electric constant
alternative label: solvent dielectric constant

Differential Scanning Calorimeter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Differential scanning calorimeter instrument used to collect DSC curves during heating (TA Q2000).
alternative label: DSC

Differential Scanning Calorimetry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Thermal Analysis Dataset
hasParameter: Heating Rate
hasParameter: Oxygen Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Phase Transition Temperature
measures: Thermal Event Peak Temperature
usesInstrument: DSC Instrument
usesInstrument: Differential Scanning Calorimeter
usesInstrument: Synchronous Thermal Analyzer
description: A measurement process used to determine thermal event peak temperature and phase transition temperature by differential scanning calorimetry, typically using a differential scanning calorimeter, DSC instrument, or synchronous thermal analyzer, and generating a thermal analysis dataset.
alternative label: DSC
alternative label: differential scanning calorimetry

Diffraction Peak Position 2 Theta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DiffractionPeakPosition2Theta QV
hasQuantityValue: DiffractionPeakPosition2Theta QV 2
description: A property denoting xRD peak position (2θ) values used to identify phases (e.g., 22.1°, 35.76°, 60.16°, 71.95°).
alternative label: (002) peak position
alternative label: diffraction peak at 2θ
alternative label: diffraction peak position

Digital Balance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Balance used for mass measurement for density/porosity calculations.

Digital Caliper
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Caliper used to measure dimensions for bulk density calculation.

Digital Microscope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Optical/digital microscope used for imaging fracture surfaces and measuring fiber length after dilution.
alternative label: VHX-5000 digital microscope (Keyence)

Digital Multimeter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Digital multimeter used to measure cell voltage and current.
alternative label: Keithley 2000 multimeter
alternative label: Keithley digital multimeter

Dihydroxybenzene Disulfonic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Positive (catholyte) quinone electroactive material used in ORFB (BQDSH2/BQDS couple).

Dilution Factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DilutionFactor QV
description: A parameter specifying sample dilution factor for selectivity experiments.
alternative label: serum diluted 100×

Dimensional Expansion Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DimensionalExpansionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent change in linear dimension after processing (e.g., Teflon substrate elongation).

Dimethyl Sulfoxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific solvent used in catalyst ink.

Dimethylacetamide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ink solvent used for solution method and for PBI stock solution.
alternative label: N-dimethylacetamide

Dimethylformamide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Solvent used to dissolve PES/PVP during membrane fabrication.
alternative label: N–dimethylformamide

Dip Coater Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a dip coater instrument and used in Dip Coating Process.
alternative label: KSV dip coater
alternative label: KSV dip-coater LM

Dip Coating Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasParameter: Dip Coating Withdrawal Rate
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Fe To Co Molar Ratio
hasParameter: Precursor Concentration
usesInstrument: Dip Coater Instrument
description: Dip-coating of carbon cloth in Ni-Co thiolate ink prior to thermolysis
alternative label: dip coating
alternative label: dip-coated

Dip Coating Withdrawal Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DipCoatingWithdrawalRate QV
description: A parameter specifying dip coating withdrawal rate used to characterize Dip Coating Process.
alternative label: immersion/extraction rate
alternative label: withdrawal rate

Dipropyl Ketone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ink solvent with dielectric constant 12.60 (paper)

Dipropylene Glycol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Dipropylene glycol (DPG) solvent referenced for PFSA dispersion; affects ionomer aggregate size.

Direct Ink Writing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Ceramic Colloid Ink
hasInputMaterial: Geopolymer Ink
hasInputMaterial: Lignin Graphene Oxide Ink
hasInputMaterial: PDL Ag NW Composite Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: Geopolymer Lattice Catalyst
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Composite Structure
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Green Part
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Pillar Array
hasOutputMaterial: Strain Gauge Sensor
hasParameter: Deposition Rate
hasParameter: Direct Ink Writing 2
hasParameter: Extrusion Pressure
hasParameter: Feed Rate
hasParameter: Lattice Diameter
hasParameter: Lattice Height
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Nozzle Diameter
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Piston Displacement A 1
hasParameter: Piston Displacement A 2
hasParameter: Print Job Duration
hasParameter: Print Pressure
hasParameter: Print Speed
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Retraction Rate
hasParameter: Spanning Distance
hasParameter: Strut Thickness
hasParameter: Substrate Temperature
hasParameter: Temperature
usesInstrument: Direct Ink Writing Printer
usesInstrument: Heated Vacuum Table
usesInstrument: Micropipette
usesInstrument: Nozzle
usesInstrument: Peristaltic Pump
usesInstrument: Syringe Driver
usesInstrument: XY Moving Stage
description: Additive manufacturing process where a viscoelastic ink is extruded through a nozzle along a programmed toolpath.
alternative label: DIW
alternative label: direct ink writing (DIW)
alternative label: direct-write additive manufacturing

Direct Ink Writing 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DirectInkWriting2 QV
description: A parameter specifying direct ink writing 2 used to characterize Direct Ink Writing.

Direct Ink Writing Printer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Motor-driven DIW/robocasting printer with syringe driver for controlled extrusion and retraction.
alternative label: DIW printer
alternative label: extrusion-based 3D printer
alternative label: three-axis 3D printer

Direct Membrane Deposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: MEA fabrication technique where ionomer dispersion is deposited directly on a gas diffusion electrode to form PEM/CL interface (as described by Klingele et al.).
alternative label: DMD

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Fuel cell type used as biosensor transducer (anode TPB used for sensing).
alternative label: DMFC

Discharge Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DischargeTime QV
description: A property denoting description=Full discharge time during galvanostatic discharge to 0 V.
alternative label: t_discharge

Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Support
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputData: Agglomerate Size Distribution Dataset
hasParameter: Agglomerate Diameter
hasParameter: Agglomerate Shape
hasParameter: Contact Spring Coefficient
hasParameter: Critical Dielectric Constant
hasParameter: DEM Time Step
hasParameter: Debye Length
hasParameter: Dielectric Constant
hasParameter: Hamaker Constant
hasParameter: Ionic Strength
hasParameter: Ionomer Equivalent Weight
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Log Normal Standard Deviation
hasParameter: Normalized Polymer Force Factor
hasParameter: Polymer Force Exponential Coefficient
hasParameter: Polymer Force Proportionality Constant
hasParameter: Simulation Particle Count
hasParameter: Simulation Time Step Count
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Viscosity
hasParameter: Zeta Potential
measures: Catalyst Layer Porosity
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Inter Agglomerate Pore Size
measures: Mean Particle Size
description: Computational reconstruction of CL geometry by DEM packing of multisphere carbon agglomerates during ink drying.
alternative label: DEM
alternative label: DEM simulation
alternative label: discrete element method

Dispersant Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DispersantMassFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of dispersant added relative to dry solid mass in ceramic ink preparation.

Dispersion Machine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Dispersion/stirring machine used during ink preparation.

Dispersion Medium Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DispersionMediumDensity QV
description: A parameter specifying density of the 1-propanol/water (1:1 mass ratio) dispersion medium used in volume fraction estimates.
alternative label: dispersion media density
alternative label: ρ_m

Distribution Of Relaxation Times Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: DRT Dataset
hasParameter: Frequency
measures: Charge Transfer Resistance
measures: Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
measures: Ionomer Film Oxygen Transport Resistivity
measures: Ionomer Oxygen Transport Resistance Component
measures: Knudsen Oxygen Transport Resistance Component
measures: Total Gas Diffusion Resistance
description: Computational analysis that deconvolves an impedance spectrum into a distribution of relaxation times (DRT) to identify process peaks.
alternative label: DRT
alternative label: distribution of relaxation times

Docosyltriethoxysilane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Long-chain silane used to functionalize fabric surface and impart superhydrophobicity; also used as single-component printing ink.

Doctor Blade Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Kapton Film
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasParameter: Coating Gap
hasParameter: Coating Speed
hasParameter: Measurement Gap
description: Coating method using a blade to control wet film thickness during CL deposition.
alternative label: bar-coating
alternative label: doctor blade
alternative label: knife coating

Double Bond Conversion Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DoubleBondConversionRate QV
description: A property denoting conversion of carbon–carbon double bonds during UV curing, derived from FTIR peak area decrease at 1638 cm−1.
alternative label: C=C conversion rate
alternative label: double-bond conversion

Double Layer Capacitance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A property denoting double layer capacitance normalized to Geometric Area and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, and Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: Ca
alternative label: Cdl
alternative label: Cpd1

Double Layer Capacitance Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DoubleLayerCapacitanceRatio QV
description: A property denoting double layer capacitance ratio and determined in Cyclic Voltammetry.

Double Layer Capacitive Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DoubleLayerCapacitiveCurrentDensity QV
description: A property denoting capacitive (double-layer) current density at 0.4 V used to compute double-layer capacitance.
alternative label: i_dl

Drop Casting Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasOutputMaterial: Anode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Glassy Carbon Disk Electrode
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Gold Electrode
hasParameter: Droplet Volume
hasParameter: Ink Drop Volume
description: Process of depositing catalyst ink onto carbon paper GDL.
alternative label: drop cast
alternative label: drop casting
alternative label: drop-cast method

Drop Spacing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DropSpacing QV
description: A parameter specifying drop spacing used to characterize Inkjet Printing Process.

Droplet Penetration Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DropletPenetrationTime QV
description: A property denoting droplet penetration time.
alternative label: sessile drop penetrates into membrane

Droplet Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DropletVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying volume of dispensed droplet in nano-needle loading method.
alternative label: drop volume
alternative label: ink volume
alternative label: water droplet volume

Dry Reforming Of Methane Performance Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Dioxide
hasInputMaterial: Methane
hasInputMaterial: Ni PB Catalyst
hasParameter: Feed Methane Volume Ratio
hasParameter: Gas Hourly Space Velocity
measures: CO 2 Conversion
measures: Methane Conversion
usesInstrument: Fixed Bed Reactor
usesInstrument: Gas Chromatograph
description: Fixed-bed dry reforming of methane (DRM) catalytic performance test (conversions, etc.).

Drying Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DryingDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying oven drying duration for modified catalyst solids.

Drying Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DryingTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying drying temperature used to characterize Spray Coating, Catalyst Impregnation, and Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: annealing temperature
alternative label: curing temperature
alternative label: oven temperature

Drying Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DryingTime QV
description: A parameter specifying drying time used to characterize Spray Coating, Catalyst Impregnation, and Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: annealing time
alternative label: curing time
alternative label: drying duration

Durability With Cycling Hours
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DurabilityWithCyclingHours QV
description: A property denoting durability with cycling hours and determined in MEA Durability Measurement.
alternative label: Durability with cycling
alternative label: durability w/ cycling

Durability Without Cycling Hours
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: DurabilityWithoutCyclingHours QV
description: A property denoting durability without cycling hours and determined in MEA Durability Measurement.
alternative label: Durability without cycling
alternative label: durability w/o cycling

Duty Cycle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying duty cycle used to characterize Ink Ultrasonication.

Dwell Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DwellTime QV
description: A parameter specifying time held at each potential during voltage cycling (s).
alternative label: equilibration time
alternative label: hold time
alternative label: immersion time

Dye Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: DyeConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying initial Rhodamine B concentration in aqueous solution for degradation tests.
alternative label: MB concentration
alternative label: dye concentration (MB etc.)

Dye Sensitization Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: N 719 Dye
hasInputMaterial: Titanium Oxide Layer
description: Soaking TiO2 photoanode in N719 dye solution (5.10e-3 M) for 18 h.

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Device architecture: TiO2 photoanode + iodide/triiodide redox electrolyte + counter electrode (Pt or Cu2WS4).
alternative label: DSSC

Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode (H2 Anode in MEA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a dynamic hydrogen electrode and used as a reference electrode in electrochemical measurements.
alternative label: DHE
alternative label: H2 anode as reference electrode
alternative label: hydrogen electrode
preferred label: Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode

Dynamic Light Scattering Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a dynamic light scattering instrument and used in Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement and Zeta Potential Measurement.
alternative label: DLS instrument
alternative label: light scattering instrument

Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Support
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Dimethylformamide
hasInputMaterial: Ethanol
hasInputMaterial: Ionomer Solution
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: MSA Capped Quantum Dot
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer Ink
hasInputMaterial: N Methyl 2 Pyrrolidone
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: PTFE Suspension 60 wt Percent
hasInputMaterial: SPFSO 2 NHGCIOH Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputData: Agglomerate Size Distribution Dataset
hasOutputData: Catalyst Ink Structure Dataset
hasOutputData: DLS Particle Size Dataset
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Catalyst Suspension Concentration
hasParameter: DLS Scattering Angle
hasParameter: Ink Aging Time
hasParameter: Ink Dilution Ratio
hasParameter: Ionomer Dispersion Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Isopropanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Laser Wavelength
hasParameter: Li Cl To BI Molar Ratio
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
hasParameter: Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate
hasParameter: Scattering Angle
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
measures: Hydrodynamic Diameter
measures: Hydrodynamic Radius
measures: Mean Particle Size
measures: Particle Size D 10
measures: Particle Size D 50
measures: Particle Size D 90
measures: Particle Size Span
measures: Particle Volume Concentration
measures: Polydispersity Index
usesInstrument: DLS Instrument
usesInstrument: Dynamic Light Scattering Instrument
description: Measurement of hydrodynamic radius/agglomerate size distribution in ink/solution.
alternative label: DLS
alternative label: dynamic light scattering
alternative label: dynamic scattered-light intensity analysis

Dynamic Vapor Sorption Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
description: Gravimetric water sorption/desorption measurement used for water uptake in CL/membranes (mentioned in Section 6.2.3), but not present as a specific term in ontology.
alternative label: DVS
alternative label: dynamic vapor sorption

ECSA Basis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept
type: Normalization Basis
description: A normalization basis corresponding to ECSA basis and used as the reference basis for reporting quantitative results or properties.
alternative label: Pt surface area basis
alternative label: cm2_Pt
definition: Controlled vocabulary concept representing a normalization basis tied to electrochemically active surface area.
preferred label: ECSA basis

ECSA by Double-Layer Capacitance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Double Layer Capacitance
measures: Electrochemically Active Surface Area
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
description: A measurement process that determines electrochemically active surface area from double-layer capacitance measurements using an electrochemical workstation and generating an experiment dataset.

ECSA Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing ECSA data generated by Catalyst Ink Preparation, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Carbon Monoxide Stripping Voltammetry.
alternative label: CO stripping ECSA dataset
alternative label: ECSA data
alternative label: ECSA evolution dataset

ECSA Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ECSALossPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent loss of ECSA after cycling/conditioning relative to initial.
alternative label: ECSA loss (%)

EDDET
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Dithiol component of LCE ink (reacts with RM257).
alternative label: EDDET dithiol

EIS Frequency Range
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EISFrequencyRange QV
description: A parameter specifying eIS frequency range 0.5 to 100 kHz.
alternative label: frequency range

EIS Max Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EISMaxFrequency QV
hasQuantityValue: EISMaxFrequency QV 2
description: A parameter specifying EIS max frequency used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, and Proton Conductivity Measurement.
alternative label: EIS f_max
alternative label: max frequency
alternative label: maximum frequency

EIS Min Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EISMinFrequency QV
hasQuantityValue: EISMinFrequency QV 2
description: A parameter specifying EIS min frequency used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, and Proton Conductivity Measurement.
alternative label: EIS f_min
alternative label: min frequency
alternative label: minimum frequency

EIS Nyquist Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing EIS nyquist data generated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.
alternative label: EIS Nyquist plots
alternative label: EIS data

EIS Perturbation Amplitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EISPerturbationAmplitude QV
description: A parameter specifying eIS perturbation amplitude 2 mV peak-to-peak.
alternative label: AC amplitude
alternative label: perturbation amplitude
alternative label: sinusoidal amplitude

ELS Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument/technique to measure zeta potential for colloidal stability.
alternative label: ELS

EQE Spectrometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument/system for EQE measurement.
alternative label: EQE system
alternative label: QE spectrometer

ESR Spectrometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: ESR spectrometer used for detecting radical species with DMPO spin trap.
alternative label: X-band Bruker spectrometer (ESP-500)

ETFE Sheet Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: An material entity used for ETFE sheet substrate.
alternative label: ETFE sheet
alternative label: decal substrate

E Tek Commercial MEA
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: An material entity used for E tek commercial MEA.

Ebecryl 8804
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Component mixed with GMA to form DIW photocurable ink.

Ebecryl 8807
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aliphatic urethane diacrylate component of DLP elastomer resin.
alternative label: aliphatic urethane diacrylate (Ebecryl 8807)

Effective Ionic Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting effective ionic conductivity and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Proton Conductivity Measurement, and Literature Review Synthesis.
alternative label: effective proton conductivity
alternative label: proton conductivity
alternative label: proton conductivity (effective)

Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting effective oxygen diffusion coefficient and determined in Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement, X Ray Computed Tomography Imaging, and Distribution Of Relaxation Times Analysis.
alternative label: Db
alternative label: Dox
alternative label: oxygen diffusivity

Efficiency Retention Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: EfficiencyRetentionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent of initial efficiency retained after aging/operation.

Elcometer 4340 Bar Coating Device
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Bar-coating/film-applicator device used for film-casting deposition.
alternative label: Elcometer 4340
alternative label: Mayer bar coater
alternative label: Meyer rod (bar coater)

Electric Load
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Electronic load used to control current during fuel cell tests.
alternative label: Höcherl and Hackl PLI1206ZVSV5 electric load
alternative label: PLI1206ZVSV5 electric load
alternative label: electronic load

Electrical Percolation Threshold Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectricalPercolationThresholdVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying critical Pt/C volume fraction for electrical percolation threshold from conductivity percolation fit (Eq. 10).
alternative label: critical volume fraction (e
alternative label: φ_e

Electrical Properties Table
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Tabulated electrical conductivity, sheet resistance, and Hall mobility for SG films (vacuum filtration vs compressed pellet).

Electrical Resistivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ElectricalResistivity QV
description: A property denoting electrical resistivity and determined in Four Probe Resistance Measurement and Electrical Resistivity Measurement.
alternative label: resistivity (Ω·m)

Electrical Resistivity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Electrical Resistivity
usesInstrument: Digital Multimeter
description: Electrical resistivity (or resistance-derived resistivity) measurement of electroless Cu patterns on PET.

Electrocatalyst Support Stability Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ElectrocatalystSupportStabilityPercent QV
description: A property denoting electrocatalyst support stability percent and determined in Review Statement Extraction.
alternative label: Electrocataystsupport stablity
alternative label: electrocatalyst support stability

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: MEA Assembly
hasOutputData: EIS Nyquist Dataset
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Impedance Dataset
hasParameter: ACAmplitude
hasParameter: Anode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Bias Current
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cathode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: EIS Frequency Range
hasParameter: EIS Max Frequency
hasParameter: EIS Min Frequency
hasParameter: EIS Perturbation Amplitude
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Frequency Range
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Gas Diffusion Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Gas Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Humidifier Temperature
hasParameter: Ionomer Film Thickness
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Methanol Concentration
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Reaction Area Position In Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Reference Current Density
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Segment Active Area
hasParameter: Segment Count
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: CPE Admittance Y 0
measures: CPE Exponent N
measures: Charge Transfer Resistance
measures: Double Layer Capacitance
measures: High Frequency Resistance
measures: Ionic Resistance
measures: Mass Transport Resistance
measures: Ohmic Resistance
measures: Protonic Catalyst Layer Resistance
measures: Warburg Coefficient
referenceElectrode: Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode (H2 Anode in MEA)
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Segmented Cell System
description: A measurement process that uses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy galvanostatic to determine Charge Transfer Resistance, Double Layer Capacitance, and Ohmic Resistance using Electrochemical Workstation, Potentiostat, and Fuel Cell Test Station and generating Experiment Dataset, Impedance Dataset, and EIS Nyquist Dataset.
alternative label: EIS
alternative label: galvanostatic impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: impedance spectra

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: PDL Ag NW Composite Ink
hasInputMaterial: Platinum Coated Glass Slide
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Chloride Electrolyte
hasOutputData: EIS Nyquist Dataset
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Impedance Dataset
hasParameter: ACAmplitude
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
hasParameter: Conditioning Time
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: EIS Frequency Range
hasParameter: EIS Max Frequency
hasParameter: EIS Min Frequency
hasParameter: EIS Perturbation Amplitude
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Frequency Range
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Gas Flow Rate
hasParameter: Geometric Area
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
hasParameter: Membrane Thickness
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Operating Voltage
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Rotation Rate
hasParameter: Solvent Type
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Test Duration
measures: Anode Reaction Resistance
measures: CPE Admittance Y 0
measures: CPE Exponent N
measures: Charge Transfer Plus Mass Transport Resistance
measures: Charge Transfer Resistance
measures: Coverage Relaxation Rate Constant
measures: Double Layer Capacitance
measures: Effective Ionic Conductivity
measures: High Frequency Resistance
measures: Impedance Modulus Slope K
measures: Inductance L
measures: Intermediate Relaxation Resistance R 0
measures: Ionic Resistance
measures: Ionomer Patch Surface Coverage
measures: Mass Transport Resistance
measures: Membrane Bulk Resistance
measures: Ohmic Resistance
measures: Polarization Resistance
measures: Protonic Catalyst Layer Resistance
measures: Protonic Catalyst Layer Resistivity
measures: Pseudo Double Layer Capacitance
measures: Ri Over Cd Sqrt
measures: Surface Film Resistance
measures: Total Internal Resistance
measures: Warburg Coefficient
measures: Warburg Impedance
referenceElectrode: Ag/AgCl
referenceElectrode: Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode (H2 Anode in MEA)
referenceElectrode: Reference Electrode Mercury Mercury Oxide
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Rotating Disk Electrode System
usesInstrument: Segmented Cell System
usesInstrument: Solartron 1260 Impedance Analyzer
description: A measurement process that uses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy potentiostatic to determine Charge Transfer Resistance, Double Layer Capacitance, and Ohmic Resistance using Electrochemical Workstation, Potentiostat, and Segmented Cell System and generating Experiment Dataset, Impedance Dataset, and EIS Nyquist Dataset.
alternative label: EIS
alternative label: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
alternative label: impedance spectroscopy

Electrochemical Reaction Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Oxygen
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Conductivity Exponent B
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Conductivity Prefactor A
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Channel To Spacer Area Ratio
hasParameter: Charge Transfer Coefficient
hasParameter: Exchange Current Density
hasParameter: Gas Diffusion Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Gas Diffusion Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Henrys Coefficient
hasParameter: Ionomer Film Resistance Exponent D
hasParameter: Ionomer Film Resistance Prefactor C
hasParameter: Membrane Thickness
hasParameter: Microporous Layer Permeability
hasParameter: Microporous Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Open Circuit Voltage
hasParameter: Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient In Ionomer
hasParameter: Oxygen Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Pore Radius
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Effective Ionic Conductivity
measures: Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Overpotential
measures: Power Density
description: 3D electrochemical reaction + mass/charge transfer simulation on reconstructed geometry using upscaled transport properties.
alternative label: mass transfer simulation

Electrochemical Workstation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an electrochemical workstation and used in MEAPolarization, Square Wave Voltammetry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: CHI760E electrochemical workstation
alternative label: electrochemical analyzer
alternative label: electrochemical impedance spectroscope / potentiostat

Electrochemically Active Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ElectrochemicallyActiveSurfaceArea QV
normalizedTo: Catalyst Mass
normalizedTo: Pt Mass
description: A property denoting electrochemically active surface area normalized to Catalyst Mass and Pt Mass and determined in Cyclic Voltammetry, ECSABy Double Layer Capacitance, and Carbon Monoxide Stripping Voltammetry.
alternative label: ECSA
alternative label: Pt surface area
alternative label: accessible electrochemically surface area

Electrode Compression Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrodeCompressionPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying electrode compression pressure.
alternative label: compression pressure

Electrode Side Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ElectrodeSideLength QV
description: A property denoting linear dimension of square/rectangular electrode or MEA (cm).

Electrode Sintering
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Thermal treatment of sprayed electrodes (190°C for 1 h in inert ventilated oven).
alternative label: dried and sintered
alternative label: thermal sintering between layers

Electrode Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an electrode substrate and used as an input in Spray Coating.
alternative label: macroporous substrate

Electroless Copper Plating Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
hasInputMaterial: Formaldehyde
hasInputMaterial: PET Substrate
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Sodium Tartrate
hasInputMaterial: Sodium Hydroxide
hasOutputMaterial: Copper Film
hasParameter: Bath Solute Mass Concentration
hasParameter: Bath Solute Volume Concentration
hasParameter: Deposition Time
hasParameter: Stirring Speed
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: p H
description: Autocatalytic electroless deposition of copper on Pd-activated PET substrates from alkaline formaldehyde bath.
alternative label: electroless Cu plating

Electrolyte Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrolyteConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying electrolyte concentration used to characterize MEAPolarization, Square Wave Voltammetry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: H2SO4 concentration
alternative label: acid concentration
alternative label: dopant concentration

Electrolyte PH
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrolytePH QV
description: A parameter specifying electrolyte PH used to characterize Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, Linear Sweep Voltammetry, and Zeta Potential Measurement.
alternative label: pH
alternative label: pH 7.5
alternative label: pH=1

Electrolyte Type
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying electrolyte type used to characterize Square Wave Voltammetry, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, and Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry.

Electron Beam Evaporation Deposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasOutputMaterial: Aluminum Thin Film Layer
description: Deposition process used to coat Si wafer with aluminum thin film.
alternative label: e-beam evaporation
alternative label: electron beam evaporation

Electron Microscopy Imaging
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Co TMPP Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Ionomer Solution
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ru On Carbon Catalyst
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Microstructure Image Dataset
hasParameter: Accelerating Voltage
hasParameter: Energy Filter Width
hasParameter: TEM Defocus
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Agglomerate Shape
measures: Carbon Black Particle Size
measures: Carbon Fiber Diameter
measures: Carbon Nanotube Forest Height
measures: Carbon Nanotube Outer Diameter
measures: Carbon Nanotube Wall Count
measures: Catalyst Layer Morphology
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Graphene Few Layer Fraction
measures: Hydrodynamic Diameter
measures: Interlayer Spacing
measures: Ionomer Film Thickness
measures: Ionomer Patch Surface Coverage
measures: Mean Particle Size
measures: Particle Length
measures: Particle Width
measures: Pt Chemical Surface Area
measures: Pt Particle Size
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
usesInstrument: TEM Instrument
description: Electron microscopy imaging used to observe Pt nanoparticle size, agglomerates, and ionomer films.
alternative label: FESEM imaging
alternative label: FIB-SEM cross section imaging
alternative label: electron microscopy

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
usesInstrument: ESR Spectrometer
description: ESR spectroscopy used to detect reactive oxygen species (•OH, •O2−) via spin-trap (DMPO).

Electron Tomography Imaging
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ru On Carbon Catalyst
measures: Carbon Black Particle Size
measures: Catalyst Particle Surface Area
measures: Catalyst Particle Volume
measures: Ionomer Thin Film Thickness
measures: Surface To Volume Ratio
usesInstrument: TEM Instrument
description: Electron tomography (tilt-series + reconstruction) used to compute 3D volume and accessible surface area of catalyst networks.
alternative label: electron tomography

Electron Transfer Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting electron transfer number and determined in Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry and Linear Sweep Voltammetry.
alternative label: electrons transferred
alternative label: n electrons transferred
alternative label: number of electrons

Electronic Conductivity Anisotropy Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ElectronicConductivityAnisotropyRatio QV
description: A property denoting electronic conductivity anisotropy ratio.
alternative label: IP/TP ratio
alternative label: anisotropy ratio

Electronic Conductivity Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ElectronicConductivityLossPercent QV
description: A property denoting electronic conductivity loss percent and determined in Ex Situ Hydration Test.
alternative label: conductivity loss
alternative label: loss in in-plane conductivity

Electrospinning Applied Voltage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrospinningAppliedVoltage QV
description: A parameter specifying applied voltage on electrospinning needle.
alternative label: applied voltage

Electrospinning Collector Voltage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrospinningCollectorVoltage QV
description: A parameter specifying electrospinning collector voltage used to characterize Electrospinning Deposition.
alternative label: collector voltage

Electrospinning Deposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Electrospun Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Ionomer Nanofiber Scaffolding Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Nafion Fiber Mat
hasParameter: Annealing Time
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Electrospinning Applied Voltage
hasParameter: Electrospinning Collector Voltage
hasParameter: Electrospinning Ink Flow Rate
hasParameter: Electrospinning Needle Gauge
hasParameter: Electrospinning Needle Inner Diameter
hasParameter: Electrospinning Needle To Collector Distance
hasParameter: Nafion Fiber Loading
description: A manufacturing process for electrospinning deposition using Catalyst Ink and Proton Exchange Membrane and producing Cathode Catalyst Layer, Electrospun Catalyst Layer, and Ionomer Nanofiber Scaffolding Catalyst Layer.
alternative label: electrospun

Electrospinning Ink Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrospinningInkFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying ink ejection/feed rate during electrospinning (unit as reported; needs review).
alternative label: Q
alternative label: flow rate
alternative label: ink flow rate

Electrospinning Needle Gauge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrospinningNeedleGauge QV
description: A parameter specifying needle gauge used for electrospinning.

Electrospinning Needle Inner Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrospinningNeedleInnerDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying inner diameter of electrospinning needle.
alternative label: inner diameter
alternative label: needle diameter
alternative label: spinneret diameter

Electrospinning Needle To Collector Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ElectrospinningNeedleToCollectorDistance QV
description: A parameter specifying distance between electrospinning needle and collector drum.
alternative label: needle-collector distance
alternative label: needle-to-substrate distance
alternative label: spinneret-to-collector distance

Electrospray Deposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Electrosprayed Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Ionomer Nanofiber Scaffolding Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Coating Speed
hasParameter: Electrospinning Applied Voltage
hasParameter: Electrospinning Ink Flow Rate
hasParameter: Electrospinning Needle To Collector Distance
hasParameter: Raster Pitch
usesInstrument: High Voltage Power Supply
usesInstrument: Syringe Pump
usesInstrument: XY Moving Stage
description: A manufacturing process for electrospray deposition using Catalyst Ink and Proton Exchange Membrane with Syringe Pump, High Voltage Power Supply, and XY Moving Stage and producing Cathode Catalyst Layer, Electrosprayed Catalyst Layer, and Ionomer Nanofiber Scaffolding Catalyst Layer.
alternative label: electro-spraying
alternative label: electrosprayed
alternative label: electrostatic spray

Electrosprayed Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Catalyst layer fabricated via electrospray deposition from catalyst ink.
alternative label: commercial electro-sprayed catalyst layer
alternative label: electrosprayed PGM-free catalyst layer
alternative label: electrosprayed electrode

Electrospun Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Catalyst layer fabricated via electrospinning deposition (nanofiber structure).

Elman Neural Network Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Comparison recurrent network model used for benchmarking.
alternative label: Elman network

Elongation At Break
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ElongationAtBreak QV
description: A property denoting elongation at break of membrane (undoped/doped).
alternative label: strain at break

Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputData: SEM Image Dataset
measures: Cobalt Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
measures: Component Weight Percent
measures: Fluorine Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
measures: NC Atomic Percent
measures: Platinum Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
measures: Pt Atomic Percent
measures: Pt Mass Fraction In Catalyst
measures: Pt To Ru Atomic Ratio
measures: Ru Atomic Percent
measures: Sulfur Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
usesInstrument: TEM Instrument
description: EDX in STEM mode used to quantify Pt and Ru atomic percentages and Pt/Ru ratio in particles/networks.
alternative label: EDX
alternative label: energy dispersive spectrometry
alternative label: energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS)

Energy Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: EnergyEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting energy efficiency of full ORFB cell during galvanostatic cycling (discharge energy / charge energy).
alternative label: EE
alternative label: energy efficiency (average)

Energy Filter Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EnergyFilterWidth QV
description: A parameter specifying energy width setting for zero-loss imaging using an Ω-type energy filter.

Environmental Chamber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an environmental chamber and used in Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement.
alternative label: climate chamber

Envisiontec 3 D Bio Plotter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Extrusion-based 3D printer used to extrude microfilaments.

Epoxidized Castor Oil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Epoxidized castor oil intermediate produced by epoxidation of castor oil and used for dispersant synthesis.
alternative label: ECO

Epoxidized Soybean Oil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Epoxidized soybean oil intermediate produced by epoxidation of soybean oil and used for dispersant synthesis.

Epoxy Equivalent Titration Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Epoxidized Castor Oil
hasInputMaterial: Epoxidized Soybean Oil
measures: Oxirane Content
description: Titration method used to determine epoxy equivalent / oxirane content in epoxidized oils (Section 2.2.6).
alternative label: titration of epoxy equivalent

Epoxy Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Used to pore-fill CCM piece for FIB-SEM; generic epoxy resin (paper does not specify product).
alternative label: epoxy resin pore filling

Equivalent Ionomer Film Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: EquivalentIonomerFilmThickness QV
description: A property denoting equivalent ionomer film thickness.
alternative label: equivalent Nafion film thickness
alternative label: interfacial resistance equivalent thickness

Equivalent Spray Coating Pass Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EquivalentSprayCoatingPassCount QV
description: A parameter specifying pass count normalized to a reference ink carbon concentration to keep total cathode thickness constant (as defined by authors).

Ethane Cryogen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Liquid ethane used as cryogen for plunge freezing to avoid Leidenfrost effect and ice-crystal artifacts.
alternative label: liquid ethane

Ethanol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Alcohol component of the binary ink solvent (water/ethanol).
alternative label: ethanol dispersion
alternative label: ethanol media
alternative label: ethanol solvent

Ethanol Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthanolMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying ethanol mass fraction in total ink composition (paper reports wt%).

Ethanol Mass In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthanolMassInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying ethanol mass in ink used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: Ethanol

Ethanol To Water Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthanolToWaterVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying Volume ratio of ethanol to water in the pre-wetting dip solution (v/v).

Ethanol Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthanolVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying volume of ethanol used for ligand exchange dispersion.
alternative label: ethanol (mL)

Ethanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthanolVolumeFractionInSolventMixture QV
description: A parameter specifying ethanol volume fraction in solvent mixture used to characterize Solvent Property Measurement.

Ethyl Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Dispersion medium: ethyl acetate solvent (not present in current ontology).

Ethyl Acetate Mass In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthylAcetateMassInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying ethyl acetate mass in ink used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: Ethyl acetate

Ethylene Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an ethylene gas and used as an input in Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis and Water Assisted Low Pressure CVD.

Ethylene Glycol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Main low-volatility solvent (vehicle) for catalyst ink in PICL1/PICL2.
alternative label: EG
alternative label: ethylene glycol solvent

Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Surfactant/additive used in ink formulation.
alternative label: EGBE

Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ethylene glycol diethyl ether (EGDEE) solvent used for catalyst ink.

Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGDME) solvent used for catalyst ink.

Ethylene Glycol Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthyleneGlycolVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying volume fraction of ethylene glycol in solvent mixture (vol.%).
alternative label: ethylene glycol
alternative label: ethylene glycol vol%

Ethylene Volumetric Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EthyleneVolumetricFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying ethylene volumetric flow rate used to characterize Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.
alternative label: ethylene flow

Evaporation Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: EvaporationTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying temperature used during solvent evaporation by rotary evaporation.
alternative label: rotavapor temperature

Ex Situ Hydration Test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Conditioning Time
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
measures: Electronic Conductivity Loss Percent
measures: Swelling Fraction
measures: Water Uptake Ratio
description: A measurement process that uses ex situ hydration test to determine Water Uptake Ratio, Electronic Conductivity Loss Percent, and Swelling Fraction.
alternative label: ex-situ hydration
alternative label: hydration test

Exchange Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ExchangeCoefficient QV
description: A parameter specifying exchange coefficient used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: charge transfer coefficient

Exchange Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ExchangeCurrentDensity QV
description: A parameter specifying exchange current density used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: i0
alternative label: i_ef
alternative label: i_ref

Excimer Laser Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: KrF excimer laser used in pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of catalyst/support films.
alternative label: KrF excimer laser

Exfoliated Silica Nanosheet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Liquid-phase exfoliated few-layer silica nanosheets.
alternative label: E–SN

Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
was generated by: Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry
was generated by: Cyclic Voltammetry
was generated by: ECSA by Double-Layer Capacitance
was generated by: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic
was generated by: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic
was generated by: Linear Sweep Voltammetry
was generated by: MEA Polarization
was generated by: Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry
was generated by: Square Wave Voltammetry
creator: Electrochemistry Research Group
description: A dataset containing experiment data generated by Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement.
format: CSV
issued: 2025-12-07
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
alternative label: USAXS data
alternative label: experimental dataset
alternative label: scattering data
preferred label: Experiment Dataset
download URL: https://example.org/download/dataset.csv

Exposure Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ExposureTime QV
description: A parameter specifying detector exposure time per diffraction pattern / tomography projection.

External Quantum Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ExternalQuantumEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting external quantum efficiency and determined in Review Statement Extraction and External Quantum Efficiency Measurement.

External Quantum Efficiency Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing external quantum efficiency data generated by External Quantum Efficiency Measurement.

External Quantum Efficiency Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: External Quantum Efficiency Dataset
hasParameter: Wavelength
measures: External Quantum Efficiency
usesInstrument: EQE Spectrometer
description: Spectral EQE measurement versus wavelength.
alternative label: EQE measurement
alternative label: external quantum efficiency spectra

External Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ExternalResistance QV
description: A parameter specifying external resistor used during long-term stability monitoring of MFC voltage.
alternative label: external resistance (100 Ω)
alternative label: load resistor

Extrusion Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ExtrusionPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying pneumatic pressure used to extrude ink during direct ink writing.

F 19 NMR Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: NMR instrument used to quantify Nafion adsorption isotherms (19F-NMR).
alternative label: ¹⁹F NMR

F 19 NMR Mobility Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasParameter: Ionomer Dispersion Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Solvent Type
measures: Nafion Main Chain Mobility
measures: Nafion Side Chain Mobility
usesInstrument: F 19 NMR Instrument
description: Quantifies Nafion main-chain and side-chain mobility in solvent dispersions using 19F NMR peak analysis.
alternative label: fluorine-19 NMR mobility measurement

F 1 s Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: F1sAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of fluorine (from F 1s signal) measured by XPS.

FAME Content
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FAMEContent QV
description: A property denoting fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in biodiesel phase after reaction.
alternative label: FAME
alternative label: biodiesel content
alternative label: ester content

FIBSEM Tomography Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
measures: Average Pore Size
measures: Catalyst Layer Porosity
measures: Large Pore Fraction Above 150 nm
measures: Mesopore Diameter
measures: Nanoscale Pore Size Max
measures: Nanoscale Pore Size Min
measures: Pore Size Distribution
measures: Pore Size Distribution Peak Diameter
measures: Voxel Size
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
description: A measurement process that uses FIBSEM tomography measurement to determine Pore Size Distribution, Average Pore Size, and Large Pore Fraction Above 150 nm using SEM Instrument.
alternative label: FIB-SEM
alternative label: FIB-SEM tomography

FTIR Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of FTIR spectra versus UV exposure time and versus pyrolysis temperature.
alternative label: FTIR spectra

FTIR Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a FTIR instrument and used in FTIR Spectroscopy Measurement.
alternative label: Bruker FTIR analyzer

FTIR Spectrometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: FTIR spectrometer used for ATR–FTIR measurements of cross-link stability.
alternative label: FTIR (Nicolet iS5
alternative label: Perkin Elmer 100 FT-IR spectrometer
alternative label: Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700 FTIR

FTIR Spectroscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: FTIR Dataset
hasParameter: FTIR Wavenumber Range
hasParameter: UV Irradiance
hasParameter: UV Irradiation Time
measures: Double Bond Conversion Rate
measures: IRSO 3 Stretching Peak Wavenumber
measures: SO 3 Stretch Wavenumber
usesInstrument: FTIR Instrument
usesInstrument: FTIR Spectrometer
description: FT-IR used to characterize carboxylate coordination features of MSA-QDs.
alternative label: FT-IR
alternative label: FTIR spectra
alternative label: IR spectroscopy

FTIR Wavenumber Range
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FTIRWavenumberRange QV
description: A parameter specifying fTIR measurement wavenumber range used in this study.

FTO Glass Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a FTO glass substrate and used as an input in Material Specification.
alternative label: FTO glass

FU Ndoped Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: N-doped carbon catalyst made from furfural + urea using acid-treated halloysite template; yields rod-like morphology.

Fabrication Design Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Strip Spacing
measures: Anode Catalyst Loading
measures: Cell Active Area
measures: Segment Active Area
description: A measurement process that uses fabrication design specification to determine Anode Catalyst Loading, Cell Active Area, and Segment Active Area.
alternative label: design specification

Faraday Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FaradayConstant QV
description: A parameter specifying physical constant F = 96,485 C/mol as stated in the paper (Section 6.1.3).
alternative label: F
alternative label: Faraday's constant

Fe 20 Ni 5 Mo Alloy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Target alloy composition after co-reduction/interdiffusion (20 at.% Ni, 5 at.% Mo, balance Fe).

Fe 20 Ni Alloy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Target alloy composition after co-reduction/interdiffusion (20 at.% Ni, balance Fe).

Fe 2 O 3 Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Iron(III) oxide powder feedstock used in blended oxide inks.
alternative label: Fe2O3
alternative label: Fe₂O₃

Fe AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PGM-free Fe-N-C catalyst prepared using aminoantipyrine (AAPyr) precursor via sacrificial support method.
description: PGM-free M-N-C catalyst synthesized from Fe nitrate + aminoantipyrine precursor via SSM.
alternative label: Fe-AAPyr

Fe Co AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Bimetallic PGM-free Fe–Co–N–C catalyst (AAPyr-derived).
alternative label: Fe-Co
alternative label: Fe-Co-AAPyr

Fe Co Bimetallic Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Fe–Co bimetallic catalyst layer on Al foil used to grow VACNT via PECVD.
alternative label: FeCo catalyst
alternative label: bimetallic catalyst FeCo

Fe Doped Graphene Flakes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Fe-doped biomass-derived graphene used as ORR catalyst support; Fe introduced by pyrolysis of Fe-loaded graphene.
alternative label: Fe-doped biomass-derived graphene

Fe Mn AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Bimetallic PGM-free Fe–Mn–N–C catalyst (AAPyr-derived); best-performing in this study.
alternative label: Fe-Mn
alternative label: Fe-Mn-AAPyr
alternative label: Fe-Mn-N-C

Fe N 4 Site Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FeN4SiteDensity QV
description: A property denoting estimated density of Fe–N4 sites from N 1s XPS fitting (assumption: 399.5 eV component originates from Fe–N4).
alternative label: active site density
alternative label: site density (SD)

Fe NC Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon-based iron–nitrogen catalyst used as ORR cathode electrocatalyst (PGM-free).
alternative label: Fe–N–C
alternative label: PGM-free catalyst
alternative label: non-PGM catalyst

Fe Ni AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Bimetallic PGM-free Fe–Ni–N–C catalyst (AAPyr-derived).
alternative label: Fe-Ni
alternative label: Fe-Ni-AAPyr

Fe Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Elemental iron powder feedstock used in metal powder inks.
alternative label: Fe

Fe To Co Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FeToCoMolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying fe to co molar ratio used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation and Dip Coating Process.
alternative label: Co=2:3
alternative label: Fe
alternative label: Fe:Co ratio

Feed Methane Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FeedMethaneVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying volume ratio of feed methane in inlet mixture (dimensionless).
alternative label: volume ratio of feed methane

Feed Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FeedRate QV
description: A parameter specifying upward motion speed of the syringe/nozzle during pillar formation (controls stretching/shape).
alternative label: ink feeding rate

Fenton Oxidative Stability Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Oxidative Stability Residual Weight Percent
description: Oxidative stability test by immersing in Fenton reagent and measuring residual weight.

Ferritin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Target protein analyte and template for imprinting.
alternative label: ferritin (model protein)

Ferritin Analyte Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FerritinAnalyteConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying ferritin concentration in incubation solutions during sensing experiments (pM range).

Ferritin Cavity Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FerritinCavityDiameter QV
description: A property denoting ferritin cavity diameter.
alternative label: cavity diameter

Ferritin Iron Ion Capacity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FerritinIronIonCapacity QV
description: A property denoting maximum number of iron ions stored in ferritin cavity (count).
alternative label: iron ions per ferritin
alternative label: up to 4500 iron ions

Ferritin Mass Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FerritinMassConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying mass concentration of ferritin in dialyzed precursor solutions (mg/L protein).
alternative label: concentration of ferritin
alternative label: ferritin concentration

Ferritin Surfactant Micelle Complex
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Micellar complex where ferritin molecules are incorporated into alkylpolyglycoside micelles (1@2).

Ferritin Template Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FerritinTemplateConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying ferritin concentration used as template during MIP formation (mass concentration).

Fiber Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FiberIonomerToCarbonRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of electrospun fiber ionomer to carbon in iNFS-CL (paper notation Ifiber/C in parentheses).
alternative label: I_fiber/C
alternative label: fiber/carbon ratio

Fiber Ionomer Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FiberIonomerVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying fiber ionomer volume fraction used to characterize Catalyst Layer Composition Specification.
alternative label: fiber ionomer vol%

Fiber Optic Oxygen Probe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a fiber-optic oxygen probe and used in in-plane effective diffusivity measurement.
alternative label: high-speed fiber optic oxygen probe (OXR430-UHS)

Fiber Orientation Angle Std Dev
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FiberOrientationAngleStdDev QV
description: A property denoting standard deviation (degrees) of fiber orientation angle distribution measured from XCT images.
alternative label: fiber angle standard deviation
alternative label: fiber angle std dev

Fiji Image J Software
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a fiji image J software.
alternative label: Fiji ImageJ

Filament Deflection
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FilamentDeflection QV
description: A property denoting estimated midspan deflection of printed filament/strut span (µm).
alternative label: midspan deflection

Filament On Demand Mode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: DIW deposition mode where extrusion is started/stopped per-pillar (analogous to inkjet drop-on-demand), enabling vertical free-standing pillars.
alternative label: filament-on-demand

Fill Factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FillFactor QV
description: A property denoting fill factor of photovoltaic device (dimensionless or %).
alternative label: FF

Filler Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FillerWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying filler content (geopolymer powder) expressed as wt.% dry basis.

Film Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FilmThickness QV
description: A property denoting film thickness and determined in Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement, SEM Imaging, and Film Thickness Measurement.
alternative label: bi-layer thickness
alternative label: flake thickness
alternative label: pattern thickness

Film Thickness Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Film Thickness
usesInstrument: Micrometer
description: Thickness measurement of printed ink film on polypropylene substrate using micrometer (Section 2.4.1.1).
alternative label: film thickness measurement (HRTEM)
alternative label: printed film thickness

Finite Element Analysis Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Smart Elastomeric Cellular Foam
description: A measurement process for finite element analysis simulation.
alternative label: Abaqus simulation
alternative label: FEA
alternative label: finite element simulation

Fitted Resistance From Polarization Curve
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FittedResistanceFromPolarizationCurve QV
description: A property denoting resistance parameter R obtained from semi-empirical fit of polarization curve (includes bulk, contact, and mass-transport contributions in fit region).

Fixed Bed Reactor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Fixed-bed reactor setup for DRM catalytic testing.
alternative label: CVD reactor
alternative label: fixed-bed column
alternative label: quartz tube reactor

Fixed Charge Concentration In Dry Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FixedChargeConcentrationInDryIonomer QV
description: A parameter specifying fixed charge concentration in dry Nafion ionomer used for water storage calculations (mol/cm3).
alternative label: c_f
alternative label: fixed charge concentration in dry Nafion

Flexural Strength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FlexuralStrength QV
description: A property denoting flexural strength of pyrolyzed bars measured in three-point bending (MPa).
alternative label: fracture strength

Flow Channel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a flow channel and used as an input in PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: air channel
alternative label: current flow channel
alternative label: gas channel

Flow Channel Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FlowChannelHeight QV
description: A parameter specifying flow channel height used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: channel height

Flow Channel Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FlowChannelWidth QV
description: A parameter specifying flow channel width used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: channel width

Flow Field Design
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying flow field design.
alternative label: straight channel flow field

Flow Field Rib Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FlowFieldRibWidth QV
description: A parameter specifying rib width in serpentine flow field.
alternative label: rib width

Fluorescence Microscope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a fluorescence microscope and used in Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging.

Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Quantum Dot Ink
usesInstrument: Fluorescence Microscope
description: Imaging method used to assess QD uniformity and coffee-ring formation in dried droplets/patterns.
alternative label: fluorescence microscopy
alternative label: fluorescent images

Fluorine Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FluorineWeightPercentInCatalystLayer QV
description: A property denoting eDS-reported normalized fluorine concentration in catalyst layer (wt.%); F attributed to PFSA/Nafion.
alternative label: F

Formaldehyde
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Reducing agent (formaldehyde solution) in electroless copper plating bath (Solution B).

Formic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Additive used to control steric hindrance during ligand exchange.

Four Probe Resistance Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputData: Electrical Properties Table
measures: Electrical Resistivity
measures: In Plane Electronic Conductivity
measures: Lateral Electronic Resistance
measures: Sheet Resistance
description: Four-probe current–voltage measurement of dry CL to estimate lateral electronic resistance.
alternative label: four-point probe
alternative label: four-probe I–V measurement
alternative label: four-probe setup

Frame Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FrameRate QV
description: A parameter specifying image acquisition frame rate for high-speed video.

Free MSA Weight Percent Based On QD
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FreeMSAWeightPercentBasedOnQD QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of free (unbound) MSA ligand added relative to QD mass to improve dispersibility.
alternative label: free MSA wt% (based on QD)

Free Radical Polymerization Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: DMAEMA Monomer
hasInputMaterial: Ferritin
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Persulfate Initiator
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ru On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Styrene Monomer
hasInputMaterial: Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputMaterial: Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
hasOutputMaterial: Non Imprinted Polymer
hasOutputMaterial: St Co DMAEMA Oligomer
hasParameter: Initiator Concentration
hasParameter: Ionomer Equivalent Weight
hasParameter: Monomer Concentration
hasParameter: Polymerization Duration
hasParameter: Temperature
description: One-step grafting-from polymerization used to anchor ionomer/MIP on catalyst support.
alternative label: free radical polymerization

Freeze Drier
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Freeze drier used for freeze-drying green parts.

Freeze Drying
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Printed Green Part
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Composite Structure
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Vacuum Pressure
usesInstrument: Freeze Drier
description: A manufacturing process for freeze drying using Printed Green Part with Freeze Drier and producing Printed Composite Structure.
alternative label: FD
alternative label: freeze-dried
alternative label: sublimation drying

Freeze Thaw Cycle Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FreezeThawCycleCount QV
description: A property denoting number of repeated freeze–thaw cycles applied during subzero durability test.
alternative label: freeze-thaw cycles

Freeze Thaw Cycling Durability Test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasParameter: Freeze Thaw Cycle Count
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Saturated Residual Water Amount
hasParameter: Storage Temperature
hasParameter: Storage Time
description: Protocol involving repeated freezing at subzero temperature with residual water and subsequent thaw/evaluation.
alternative label: freeze–thaw cycles

Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying frequency used to characterize Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement, Square Wave Voltammetry, and Spray Coating.
alternative label: characteristic frequency
alternative label: f1
alternative label: peak frequency

Frequency Range
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying frequency range used to characterize Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.
alternative label: f range
alternative label: frequency scope

Fuel Cell Aging Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Time-series dataset collected during aging tests (voltage, current, temperature, etc.).
alternative label: aging data
alternative label: experimental aging data
alternative label: measurement data

Fuel Cell Operation Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: FuelCellOperationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying fuel cell operation time used to characterize MEA Durability Measurement.
alternative label: continuous fuel cell operation
alternative label: operating time
alternative label: operation time

Fuel Cell Polarization Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing fuel cell polarization data generated by MEAPolarization and Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement.
alternative label: i–PD data
alternative label: i–V curves dataset
alternative label: i–V data

Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Air
hasInputMaterial: Hydrogen
hasInputMaterial: MEA Assembly
hasInputMaterial: Oxygen
hasOutputData: Fuel Cell Polarization Dataset
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: Anode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Anode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading Pattern
hasParameter: Cathode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cathode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Cell Active Area
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Gas Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Geometric Area
hasParameter: Humidifier Temperature
hasParameter: Hydrazine Concentration
hasParameter: Hydrogen Volumetric Flow Rate
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Isopropanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Mass Flow Rate
hasParameter: Methanol Concentration
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Polarization Point Duration
hasParameter: Pt Loading
hasParameter: Reaction Area Position In Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Cell Voltage
measures: Current Density
measures: Fitted Resistance From Polarization Curve
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Mass Transport Resistance
measures: Maximum Current Density
measures: Ohmic Resistance
measures: Open Circuit Voltage
measures: Peak Power Density
measures: Power Density
measures: Power Density Increase Percent
measures: Pressure Independent Gas Diffusion Resistance
measures: Pt Mass Specific Peak Power Density
measures: Pt Mass Specific Power Density
measures: Relative Performance Variation Percent
usesInstrument: Digital Multimeter
usesInstrument: Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
usesInstrument: Electric Load
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Cell
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Gas Humidification Unit
usesInstrument: Mass Flow Controller
usesInstrument: Segmented Cell System
description: Proposed measurement type for PEMFC single-cell polarization/IV curve measurement used to compute power density and peak power density.
alternative label: fuel cell performance test
alternative label: polarization measurement
alternative label: single cell polarization curve

Fuel Cell Test Cell
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Single-cell hardware used for MEA tests.
alternative label: Baltic FuelCells quickConnect® test cell 'high amp'
alternative label: Baltic ISE qCf Liquid Cooling high amp zero gradient test cell
alternative label: Baltic ISE qCf test cell

Fuel Cell Test Station
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
usesInstrument: Cryostat
usesInstrument: Gas Humidification Unit
usesInstrument: Mass Flow Controller
description: An instrument corresponding to a fuel cell test station and used in Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement.
alternative label: Scribner 850e Fuel Cell Test System
alternative label: single-cell test station
alternative label: single-cell test system

Fumed Silica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Amorphous fumed silica used as a templating carrier during CoTMPP catalyst preparation (later etched out).
alternative label: amorphous fumed silica
alternative label: fumed silica template/support
alternative label: silica template

Furfural
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon precursor used (with urea N source) to form rod-like N-doped carbon catalyst FU.

Furfural Conversion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FurfuralConversion QV
description: A property denoting furfural conversion and determined in Furfural Hydrogenation Reaction Measurement.

Furfural Hydrogenation Reaction Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Furfural
hasInputMaterial: Hydrogen
hasInputMaterial: Ni Mg Al Mixed Oxide Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputMaterial: Furfuryl Alcohol
hasOutputMaterial: Tetrahydrofuran
hasOutputMaterial: Tetrahydrofurfural
hasOutputMaterial: Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Pre Reduction Temperature
hasParameter: Pre Reduction Time
hasParameter: Reaction Temperature
hasParameter: Reaction Time
hasParameter: Stirring Speed
measures: Furfural Conversion
measures: Furfuryl Alcohol Selectivity
measures: Hydrogen Uptake Per Furfural
measures: Tetrahydrofurfural Selectivity
measures: Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Selectivity
usesInstrument: Steel Autoclave Reactor
description: Batch autoclave catalytic test (aqueous phase) reporting furfural conversion and product selectivity under H2.
alternative label: furfural hydrogenation test

Furfuryl Alcohol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Primary hydrogenation product of furfural.

Furfuryl Alcohol Selectivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: FurfurylAlcoholSelectivity QV
description: A property denoting selectivity to furfuryl alcohol among products (percent).
alternative label: selectivity to furfuryl alcohol

GCMS Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: GC-MS instrument used to analyze degradation intermediates.

GDE Fixture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a GDE fixture.

GDE Half Cell Setup
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Gas diffusion electrode half-cell test fixture enabling high-current ORR testing with gas feed to electrode and liquid electrolyte contact (per ref. [22]).
alternative label: GDE half-cell
alternative label: GDE setup

GDL Type
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying GDL type used to characterize MEAPolarization.

GU Ndoped Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: N-doped carbon catalyst made from glucose + urea using halloysite template; yields flaky morphology after template removal.

Galvanostatic Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Break-in method at constant current density (galvanostatic hold).
alternative label: constant current activation

Galvanostatic Charge Discharge Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Air Breathing Cathode
hasOutputData: Charge Discharge Dataset
hasParameter: Cell Active Area
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Pulse Current
hasParameter: Pulse Duration
hasParameter: Rest Time
measures: Anode Resistance
measures: Cathode Capacitance
measures: Cathode Resistance
measures: Cell Capacitance
measures: Coulombic Efficiency
measures: Discharge Time
measures: Energy Efficiency
measures: Ohmic Resistance
measures: Peak Power Density
measures: Pulse Power Density
usesInstrument: Ag/AgCl
usesInstrument: Battery Analyzer
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
description: A measurement process that uses galvanostatic charge discharge measurement to determine Coulombic Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, and Ohmic Resistance using Battery Analyzer, Electrochemical Workstation, and Ag/AgCl and generating Charge Discharge Dataset.
alternative label: charge/discharge cycling
alternative label: constant current charge/discharge
alternative label: galvanic charge/discharge

Gas Adsorption Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for N2 physisorption (77 K) measurements.
description: Instrument used for nitrogen physisorption (BET surface area, pore volume/size).
alternative label: Micromeritics nitrogen adsorption analyser

Gas Chromatograph
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Gas chromatograph (GC) used to analyze outlet gases during DRM testing.

Gas Chromatograph FID
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector used to quantify ester content (EN14103).
alternative label: GC-FID

Gas Chromatography Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Gas chromatography instrument used to determine fatty acid compositions (Section 3.1).

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Mass To Charge Ratio
usesInstrument: GCMS Instrument
description: GC-MS used to identify intermediate products and m/z peaks during RhB degradation.
alternative label: GC-MS
alternative label: mass spectrometry

Gas Chromatography Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Castor Oil
hasInputMaterial: Soybean Oil
measures: Linoleic Acid Mass Fraction
measures: Linolenic Acid Mass Fraction
measures: Oleic Acid Mass Fraction
measures: Other Fatty Acids Mass Fraction
measures: Palmitic Acid Mass Fraction
measures: Ricinoleic Acid Mass Fraction
measures: Stearic Acid Mass Fraction
usesInstrument: Gas Chromatography Instrument
description: Gas chromatography measurement used to quantify fatty acid distribution of oils (soybean, castor) via silica-gel column chromatography / GC analysis.
alternative label: GC
alternative label: gas chromatography (FID)

Gas Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying gas composition used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement.
alternative label: H2/N2
alternative label: H2/O2
alternative label: H2/air

Gas Crossover Method
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
description: A measurement process for gas crossover method.

Gas Diffusion Electrode Method
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: MEA fabrication route where catalyst layer is prepared on GDL (forming GDE) then hot-pressed with PEM.
alternative label: GDE method

Gas Diffusion Layer Porosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GasDiffusionLayerPorosity QV
description: A parameter specifying gas diffusion layer porosity used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation and Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: EGDL
alternative label: GDL porosity
alternative label: porosity of GDL

Gas Diffusion Layer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GasDiffusionLayerThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying gas diffusion layer thickness used to characterize MEAAssembly Process, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, and PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: GDL thickness
alternative label: GDL thickness Ib
alternative label: l_b

Gas Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GasFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying gas flow rate used to characterize MEAPolarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, and Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: L/min
alternative label: flow rate
alternative label: mL/min

Gas Hourly Space Velocity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GasHourlySpaceVelocity QV
description: A parameter specifying gas hourly space velocity (L/gcat/h) during DRM tests.
alternative label: GHSV
alternative label: space velocity

Gas Humidification Unit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a gas humidification unit and used in Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and MEAPolarization.
alternative label: gas humidification
alternative label: humidification unit
alternative label: humidified gases

Gas Permeability Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Hydrogen Permeability
measures: Oxygen Permeability
description: A measurement process that uses gas permeability measurement to determine Hydrogen Permeability and Oxygen Permeability.

Gas Sorption Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a gas sorption analyzer and used in Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement, Water Vapor Adsorption Measurement, and Octane Adsorption BET Measurement.
alternative label: ASAP 2020 gas sorption analyzer
alternative label: TI-SA+ vapor sorption analyzer
alternative label: water vapor sorption analyzer (TA Instruments)

Gas Volumetric Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GasVolumetricFlowRate QV
hasQuantityValue: GasVolumetricFlowRate QV 2
description: A parameter specifying paper reports reactant flows in mL/min; ontology contains MassFlowRate but not volumetric flow rate.
alternative label: cc/min
alternative label: gas flow rate
alternative label: gas flow rate (mL/min)

Gasket Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying gasket thickness used to characterize MEAAssembly Process.
alternative label: PTFE gaskets

Gel Permeation Chromatography Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for GPC measurements; not found in ontology.
alternative label: GPC

Gel Permeation Chromatography Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Molecular Weight
measures: Number Average Molecular Weight
measures: Polydispersity Index
measures: Weight Average Molecular Weight
usesInstrument: Gel Permeation Chromatography Instrument
description: GPC used to determine PBI molecular weight distribution; not found in ontology.
alternative label: GPC
alternative label: gel permeation chromatography

Gel Point Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GelPointTime QV
description: A parameter specifying time when storage modulus equals loss modulus during UV curing, indicating onset of shape retention (12–14 s).
alternative label: G′=G″
alternative label: intersection point time

Geometric Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Normalization Basis
hasQuantityValue: GeometricArea QV
description: A normalization basis corresponding to geometric area and used as the reference basis for reporting quantitative results or properties.
alternative label: active area
alternative label: active area (geometric)
alternative label: printed area

Geometric Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Metadata
hasQuantityValue: GeometricArea QV 2
description: Metadata corresponding to geometric area and used to describe the provenance, identity, or context of another resource.

Geopolymer Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a geopolymer ink and used as an input in Direct Ink Writing.
alternative label: geopolymer slurry
alternative label: paste (ink)

Geopolymer Lattice Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: 3D printed (DIW) geopolymer lattice body used as heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for biodiesel transesterification.
alternative label: geopolymer lattice
alternative label: structured catalyst

Geopolymer Powder Filler
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ground geopolymer powder of same composition used as filler to tune rheology/printability.
alternative label: filler particulate
alternative label: geopolymer powder

Glassy Carbon Disk Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Working electrode substrate (glassy carbon disk) used in RDE measurements.
alternative label: glassy carbon (GC) disk electrode
alternative label: glassy carbon disk
alternative label: glassy carbon electrode

Gloss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: Gloss QV
description: A property denoting gloss and determined in Gloss Measurement.
alternative label: GU

Gloss Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Gloss
usesInstrument: Gloss Meter
description: A measurement process that uses gloss measurement to determine Gloss using Gloss Meter.
alternative label: Gloss
alternative label: gloss meter

Gloss Meter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Gloss meter instrument used to measure gloss (60°) of printed films (Section 2.4.1.6).
alternative label: BIUGED BGD 514 gloss meter (60°)

Glucose
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for glucose.
alternative label: D(+)-glucose

Glucose Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GlucoseConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying glucose concentration used to characterize MEAPolarization.

Glycerol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: High-boiling solvent used as main ink solvent in decal-transfer catalyst ink.
alternative label: d8-glycerol
alternative label: glycerin
alternative label: glycerol additive

Glycidyl Methacrylate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Monomer component used in DLP elastomer and DIW photocurable ink.

Gold Nanoparticle Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a gold nanoparticle ink and used as an input in Inkjet Printing Process.
alternative label: AuNP ink
alternative label: gold ink

Gold Plated Probes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a gold plated probes and used in Through Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement.

Grain Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GrainSize QV
description: A property denoting characteristic grain/crystallite size estimated from XRD using Scherrer formula (reported ~5 nm for β-SiC at 1600°C).
alternative label: La
alternative label: Lc
alternative label: crystallite size

Graphene Few Layer Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GrapheneFewLayerFraction QV
description: A property denoting fraction of analyzed flakes that are few-layer graphene.
alternative label: few-layer fraction
alternative label: few-layer fraction (2–10 layers)

Graphene Flake Lateral Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GrapheneFlakeLateralSize QV
description: A property denoting lateral size of graphene flakes (reported range 0.5–15 µm for sawdust-derived graphene).
alternative label: flake size
alternative label: lateral size
alternative label: lateral size (µm)

Graphene Flake Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GrapheneFlakeThickness QV
description: A property denoting thickness of individual graphene flakes from AFM (typically ~1 nm for monolayer).
alternative label: monolayer thickness

Graphene Flake Yield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GrapheneFlakeYield QV
description: A property denoting mass yield of biomass-derived graphene flakes from biomass precursor.
alternative label: yield (wt%)

Graphene Layer Step Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GrapheneLayerStepHeight QV
description: A property denoting aFM step height per graphene layer (approx. 0.37 nm).
alternative label: step height

Graphene Monolayer Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GrapheneMonolayerFraction QV
description: A property denoting fraction of analyzed flakes that are monolayer graphene.
alternative label: monolayer fraction

Graphene Nanoplatelets
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon catalyst used in catalyst-coated membrane electrodes; compared against Vulcan XC-72R carbon black.
alternative label: Cheap Tubes Inc. graphene nanoplatelets
alternative label: few-layer graphene
alternative label: graphene flakes

Graphene Oxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Graphene oxide flakes used as rheology modifier and graphitizable precursor in the printing ink; not found in ontology.
alternative label: GO

Graphene Oxide To Lignin Mass Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: GrapheneOxideToLigninMassRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of graphene oxide to lignin in the ink/printed structure precursor (values: 15/85, 30/70, 50/50, 70/30, 100/0).
alternative label: GO/lignin ratio
alternative label: GO:lignin
alternative label: initial GO/lignin ratio

Graphite Bipolar Plate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Graphite plates with flow fields forming single cell hardware.
alternative label: flow field plates
alternative label: graphite plates
broad match: BipolarPlate

Graphite Ink Suspension
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a graphite ink suspension and used as an input in Rheology Measurement and Laser Diffraction Scattering Particle Size Measurement.
alternative label: graphite/water/ethanol suspension

Graphite Oxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for graphite oxide.

Graphite Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Graphite powder used as conductive component of the conductive ink.
alternative label: Natural flake graphite
alternative label: synthetic graphite powder

Graphite Rod Counter Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a graphite rod counter electrode and used in Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: graphite rod counter

Graphite Sheet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a graphite sheet and used as an input in Ionomer Coating Simulation.
alternative label: graphite surface
alternative label: graphitized carbon sheet

Graphite Sheet With Carboxylate Groups
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a graphite sheet with carboxylate groups and used as an input in Ionomer Coating Simulation.
alternative label: COO− groups
alternative label: graphite sheet with 64 ionized carboxylate groups

Graphitic Carbon Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GraphiticCarbonFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent contribution of graphitic/aliphatic carbon component in C 1s XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: Cgr

Graphitic Crystallite Size La
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GraphiticCrystalliteSizeLa QV
description: A property denoting graphitic crystallite size la and determined in Raman Spectroscopy Measurement.
alternative label: La
alternative label: crystallite size La
alternative label: in-plane crystallite size

Graphitic Crystallite Stacking Size Lc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GraphiticCrystalliteStackingSizeLc QV
description: A property denoting graphitic crystallite stacking size lc and determined in X Ray Diffraction Measurement.
alternative label: Lc
alternative label: crystallite stacking size

Graphitic Nitrogen Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GraphiticNitrogenFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent of N 1s assigned to graphitic nitrogen (XPS deconvolution).
alternative label: Ngr
alternative label: graphitic N

Graphitic Plane Orientation Order Parameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GraphiticPlaneOrientationOrderParameter QV
description: A property denoting graphitic plane orientation order parameter and determined in X Ray Diffraction Measurement.
alternative label: order parameter

Graphitic Planes Per Crystallite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GraphiticPlanesPerCrystallite QV
description: A property denoting graphitic planes per crystallite and determined in X Ray Diffraction Measurement.
alternative label: Lc/d(002)
alternative label: planes per crystallite

Gravimetric Specific Capacitance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GravimetricSpecificCapacitance QV
normalizedTo: Catalyst Mass
description: A property denoting gravimetric specific capacitance (F/g) measured for OP-AC in 0.1 M H2SO4 from CV curves; distinct from area-specific double-layer capacitance.
alternative label: capacitance (F g^-1)
alternative label: specific capacitance
alternative label: specific capacitance (F g−1)

Gravity Feed Airbrush
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Specific airbrush feed mechanism used for spray coating; compared against suction-feed type.
alternative label: gravity-fed airbrush

Gravure Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
description: Roll-to-roll printing/coating method for catalyst inks; discussed in context of scalable manufacturing.

Grid LSTM Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Grid LSTM recurrent neural network architecture used for degradation prediction.
alternative label: Grid LSTM

Guinier Porod Dimension Variable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: GuinierPorodDimensionVariable QV
description: A property denoting dimension/shape variable from Guinier–Porod model fitting indicating aggregate dimensionality (globular vs rodlike); reported ~0.01.
alternative label: dimension variable
alternative label: dimension variable (Guinier–Porod)

H 2 Desorption Peak Integral Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting authors report anode 'ECSA' in units of mA·V·cm^-2 from H2 desorption peak integration; likely proportional to charge density (needs curation).
alternative label: H2 desorption peak area
alternative label: H2 desorption peak integral

H 2 O Al 2 O 3 Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: H2OAl2O3MolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying molar ratio H2O/Al2O3 in geopolymer formulation.
alternative label: H2O/Al203
alternative label: H2O/Al2O3

HOSPEEK 64
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydroxylated sulfonated PEEK (DS~64%) in Na-salt form; used as cathode ionomer.
alternative label: Na+HO-SPEEK-64

Half Wave Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HalfWavePotential QV
description: A property denoting potential at which current reaches half of limiting value in ORR LSV (RDE).
alternative label: E1/2

Half Wave Potential Shift After ADT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HalfWavePotentialShiftAfterADT QV
description: A property denoting change in HalfWavePotential after accelerated durability test (ADT) potential cycling; reported here as mV shift.
alternative label: E1/2 shift after 3000 cycles
alternative label: half-wave potential shift
alternative label: negative shift in half-wave potentials

Half Wave Potential Shift Relative To Nafion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HalfWavePotentialShiftRelativeToNafion QV
description: A property denoting half wave potential shift relative to nafion and determined in Accelerated Stress Test Voltage Cycling.
alternative label: E1/2 shift vs Nafion
alternative label: half-wave potential shift
alternative label: positive shift of half-wave potential

Hall Effect Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Hall Mobility
measures: In Plane Electronic Conductivity
measures: Lateral Electronic Resistance
usesInstrument: Hall Measurement System
description: A measurement process that uses hall effect measurement to determine Hall Mobility, In Plane Electronic Conductivity, and Lateral Electronic Resistance using Hall Measurement System.
alternative label: Hall measurement

Hall Measurement System
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: System used for Hall mobility, conductivity, and sheet resistance testing.
alternative label: Lake Shore 8400 Hall system

Hall Mobility
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HallMobility QV
description: A property denoting carrier Hall mobility measured by Hall system on graphene film/pellet.

Halloysite Nanoclay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Natural aluminosilicate clay mineral (Al2Si2O5(OH)4·2H2O) used as a template to direct porous carbon morphology.
alternative label: halloysite template
alternative label: tubular halloysite

Hamaker Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HamakerConstant QV
description: A property denoting hamaker constant used for van der Waals interaction energy in DLVO-type model.
alternative label: Hamaker coefficient
alternative label: Hamaker coefficient A

Hansen Solubility Parameter Dispersion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HansenSolubilityParameterDispersion QV
description: A property denoting hansen solubility parameter (dispersion component) in MPa^0.5.
alternative label: δD

Hansen Solubility Parameter Hydrogen Bonding
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HansenSolubilityParameterHydrogenBonding QV
description: A property denoting hansen solubility parameter (hydrogen-bonding component) in MPa^0.5.

Hansen Solubility Parameter Polar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HansenSolubilityParameterPolar QV
description: A property denoting hansen solubility parameter (polar component) in MPa^0.5.

Heat Gun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Used for thermal curing/sintering of conductive ink layers (~120°C).

Heated Vacuum Table
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Custom heated vacuum hold-down stage (90°C) to keep PEM flat and accelerate solvent evaporation during ink deposition.
alternative label: vacuum table assembly

Heating Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HeatingRate QV
description: A parameter specifying heating rate used in thermogravimetric experiments.
alternative label: heating rate (°C/min)
alternative label: ramp rate
alternative label: temperature ramp rate

Height Step Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HeightStepSize QV
description: A parameter specifying vertical step size/resolution used in 3D surface scan.

Helium
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a helium.
alternative label: helium gas

Helium Pycnometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Helium pycnometer used to measure apparent and true (skeleton) density of lattice samples.
alternative label: gas pycnometer
alternative label: helium gas pycnometer

Henrys Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HenrysCoefficient QV
description: A parameter specifying henrys coefficient used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: Henry's coefi cient

Heptanol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Low-vapor-pressure alcohol additive used to adjust ink surface tension (5 wt%).

Hexane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Solvent listed for surface tension comparison.
alternative label: n-hexane

Hexylamine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hexylamine solvent used in mixed-solvent CQD inks.

Hg Hg O To RHE Offset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HgHgOToRHEOffset QV
description: A parameter specifying potential conversion offset used by authors to convert Hg/HgO reference to RHE scale (paper-specific value).

Hidden Neuron Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HiddenNeuronNumber QV
description: A parameter specifying model hyperparameter: number of hidden neurons in the network layer(s).
alternative label: L=10
alternative label: hidden neurons

High Frequency Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HighFrequencyResistance QV
description: A property denoting ohmic/HFR concept in RQ (discussed conceptually).
alternative label: HFR
alternative label: ohmic resistance
alternative label: single cell resistance

High Pressure Homogenization
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
usesInstrument: High Pressure Homogenizer
description: High-pressure homogenizer dispersion method; not present as a named process in ontology.
alternative label: high pressure homogenizer
alternative label: homogenizer

High Pressure Homogenizer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Device for high-pressure homogenization of ink; not present as named Instrument in ontology.

High Shear Mixer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: High-shear mixing device (e.g., rotating blade up to 20,000 rpm); not present as named Instrument in ontology.
alternative label: Turrax mixer T25
alternative label: mechanical mixer
alternative label: rotor-stator mixer

High Shear Mixing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasParameter: Rotation Rate
hasParameter: Stirring Speed
hasParameter: Stirring Time
usesInstrument: High Shear Mixer
description: High-shear mechanical dispersion method; not present as a named process in ontology.
alternative label: high shear mixer
alternative label: mechanical mixing

High Speed Video Camera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: High-speed camera used to capture pillar formation.

High Speed Video Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of recorded high-speed video frames during printing.
alternative label: high-speed video frames

High Speed Video Imaging Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: High Speed Video Dataset
hasParameter: Frame Rate
hasParameter: Illumination Beam Diameter
hasParameter: Image Height Pixels
hasParameter: Image Width Pixels
usesInstrument: High Speed Video Camera
description: High-speed video imaging of pillar formation dynamics during vertical printing.
alternative label: high-speed video
alternative label: real-time analysis via high-speed camera

High Temperature PEMFC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for high temperature PEMFC.
alternative label: HT-PEMFC
alternative label: high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell
alternative label: high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

High Voltage Power Supply
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a high-voltage power supply and used in electrospray deposition and microelectrode water electrolyzer polarization measurement.
alternative label: high-voltage power supply (Glassman MJ30P0400-11)

Hold Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HoldTime QV
description: A parameter specifying soak/hold time at peak temperature during sintering.
alternative label: hold at temperature
alternative label: hot-press time
alternative label: pressing time

Hollow Carbon Sphere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon support synthesized by hydrothermal process; used as support for PtRu.
alternative label: HCS

Homogenization Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HomogenizationSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying rotor–stator homogenizer rotational speed used during ink mixing (15000 rpm).
alternative label: homogenizer speed

Homogenization Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HomogenizationTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying temperature during homogenization/mixing of catalyst ink (room temperature, 23°C).

Homogenization Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HomogenizationTemperature QV 2
description: A property denoting homogenization temperature.
alternative label: homogenization achieved

Hot Blower
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Gas hot blower used for heating capillary during in situ XRD.

Hot Plate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a hot plate and used in Spray Coating.

Hot Press
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
hasParameter: Hot Press Pressure
hasParameter: Hot Press Temperature
hasParameter: Hot Press Time
description: An instrument corresponding to a hot press and used in MEAAssembly Process, Hot Pressing, and Decal Transfer.
alternative label: flat hot-press
alternative label: flat-press
alternative label: hot-press machine

Hot Press Force
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HotPressForce QV
description: A parameter specifying hot press force used to characterize Hot Pressing.

Hot Press Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HotPressPressure QV
hasQuantityValue: HotPressPressure QV 2
description: A parameter specifying hot press pressure used to characterize MEAAssembly Process, Hot Press, and Hot Pressing.
alternative label: hot press pressure/force per area
alternative label: pressing pressure
alternative label: transfer pressure

Hot Press Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HotPressTemperature QV
hasQuantityValue: HotPressTemperature QV 2
description: A parameter specifying hot press temperature used to characterize MEAAssembly Process, Hot Press, and Hot Pressing.
alternative label: hot-pressing temperature
alternative label: pressing temperature
alternative label: transfer temperature

Hot Press Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HotPressTime QV
hasQuantityValue: HotPressTime QV 2
description: A parameter specifying hot press time used to characterize MEAAssembly Process, Hot Press, and Hot Pressing.
alternative label: hot-pressing time
alternative label: pressing time
alternative label: transfer time

Hot Pressing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Aluminum Foil Substrate
hasInputMaterial: Anode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Anode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Nafion 211 Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Nafion 212 Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: MEA Assembly
hasParameter: Hold Time
hasParameter: Hot Press Force
hasParameter: Hot Press Pressure
hasParameter: Hot Press Temperature
hasParameter: Hot Press Time
hasParameter: MEA Assembly Gap
usesInstrument: Hot Press
description: Manufacturing step transferring printed catalyst layer onto membrane using hot press.
alternative label: hot press
alternative label: hot-pressed
alternative label: pressed

Humidifier Equilibration Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HumidifierEquilibrationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying equilibration time after RH change: 2 h.
alternative label: conditioning time

Humidifier Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HumidifierTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying humidifier temperature for cathode gas humidification.
alternative label: bubbler temperature
alternative label: humidification temperature
alternative label: humidification water bath temperature

Humidity Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Humidity sensor used to monitor RH in measurement setups (±3% accuracy stated).
alternative label: DHT22 humidity sensor

Humidity Sweep Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Humidifier Equilibration Time
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Cell Voltage
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Cell
usesInstrument: Gas Humidification Unit
description: A measurement process that uses humidity sweep measurement to determine Cell Voltage using Fuel Cell Test Cell and Gas Humidification Unit.
alternative label: humidity response measurement
alternative label: humidity sweeps
alternative label: relative humidity sweeps

Hybrid DLPDIW Printing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Integrated process combining DLP printing with DIW printing in a single platform/job.
alternative label: hybrid 3D printing system
alternative label: hybrid multi-material 3D printing

Hydration Number Lambda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrationNumberLambda QV
description: A property denoting hydration number lambda and determined in Membrane Swelling Measurement.
alternative label: hydration number λ

Hydrazine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Fuel molecule (hydrazine/hydrazine hydrate) used in alkaline hydrazine fuel cell tests.
alternative label: hydrazine hydrate

Hydrazine Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrazineConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying hydrazine (N2H4) concentration in alkaline anolyte feed.

Hydrocarbon Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a hydrocarbon ionomer and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: HC ionomer
alternative label: sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer

Hydrochloric Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Acid catalyst for hydrolysis/condensation during sol-gel modification of MK with TMSPM.
description: Acid used for etching/removing residual Fe species (immersed three times).
description: Acid used for vermiculite acid-leaching to synthesize SN.
alternative label: concentrated hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric Acid Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrochloricAcidConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying hydrochloric acid concentration used to characterize Acid Etching Process.
alternative label: HCl concentration

Hydrodynamic Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrodynamicDiameter QV
hasQuantityValue: HydrodynamicDiameter QV 2
description: A property denoting the hydrodynamic diameter of dispersed particles or aggregates as determined by dynamic light scattering.
alternative label: D_h
alternative label: average aggregate diameter
alternative label: hydrodynamic diameter (DLS)

Hydrodynamic Radius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrodynamicRadius QV
hasQuantityValue: HydrodynamicRadius QV 2
description: A property denoting hydrodynamic radius of ionomer/catalyst aggregates measured by dynamic light scattering.
alternative label: R_h
alternative label: hydrodynamic radius (DLS)
alternative label: hydrodynamic radius distribution

Hydrofluoric Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydrofluoric acid used to etch/remove silica template after pyrolysis.

Hydrogen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a hydrogen and used as an input in MEAPolarization, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement.
alternative label: hydrogen gas

Hydrogen Bonding Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenBondingEnergy QV
description: A property denoting computed hydrogen-bonding energy between polymer and phosphoric acid (DFT).
alternative label: EH-bonding
alternative label: H-bonding energy

Hydrogen Crossover Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenCrossoverCurrentDensity QV
description: A property denoting limiting current density measured by LSV under H2/N2 to quantify hydrogen crossover flux.
alternative label: H2 crossover current density
alternative label: crossover current density
alternative label: hydrogen crossover limiting current

Hydrogen Monolayer Charge Density On Pt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenMonolayerChargeDensityOnPt QV
description: A parameter specifying constant used in ECSA calculation from CV; review gives Γ = 210 μC cm−2_Pt (Section 6.1.2).
alternative label: charge required to reduce monolayer of protons on Pt

Hydrogen Oxidation Charge Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenOxidationChargeConstant QV
description: A parameter specifying constant charge density for H oxidation on smooth Pt used in ESA calculation (Eq. 1).
alternative label: Q

Hydrogen Permeability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenPermeability QV
description: A property denoting gas permeability of polymer film to H2 (Barrer).
alternative label: H2 permeability
alternative label: H₂ permeability

Hydrogen Peroxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Oxidant/electron supplier added in photocatalytic degradation experiments to generate radicals.

Hydrogen Peroxide Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenPeroxideVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying volume of H2O2 added to photodegradation reaction as oxidant/electron donor.

Hydrogen Pumping Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Activation method with H2 pumping (H2 at anode, inert at cathode, external power) to induce H2 evolution at cathode.
alternative label: hydrogen pumping

Hydrogen Purity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenPurity QV
description: A parameter specifying hydrogen feed purity as given for the aging experiments.

Hydrogen Reduction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Oxide Powder Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Fe 20 Ni 5 Mo Alloy
description: In-situ H2 reduction step prior to DRM testing (e.g., 850 °C, 10% H2/Ar).
alternative label: catalyst reduction
alternative label: hydrogen co-reduction
alternative label: reduced in situ by hydrogen

Hydrogen Uptake Per Furfural
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenUptakePerFurfural QV
description: A property denoting stoichiometric H2 consumed per mol furfural during reaction (from flow-meter normalization).
alternative label: absorbed hydrogen (mol H2/mol furfural)
alternative label: mol H2/mol furfural

Hydrogen Volumetric Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrogenVolumetricFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying hydrogen volumetric flow rate used to characterize Cyclic Voltammetry, Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement, and Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.
alternative label: flow rate
alternative label: hydrogen flow
alternative label: hydrogen flow rate

Hydroiodic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Acid additive reported to assist solution-phase ligand exchange.

Hydrolysis Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: HydrolysisRate QV
description: A property denoting hydrolysis rate through membrane during conversion of sulfonyl fluoride to sulfonic acid groups.

Hydrolysis Rate Slowdown Factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: HydrolysisRateSlowdownFactor QV
description: A parameter specifying dimensionless factor indicating how much slower hydrolysis/acidification is at 25°C vs 75°C (as reported).

Hydrophilic Catalyst Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a hydrophilic catalyst ink and used as an input in Spray Coating.
alternative label: Pt–C/Nafion catalyst ink solution
alternative label: catalyst ink solutions
alternative label: ink with Nafion

Hydrophobic Catalyst Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for hydrophobic catalyst ink.

Hydrothermal Synthesis Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasOutputMaterial: Mo S 2 Nanosheets
description: Hydrothermal synthesis used to prepare MoS2 nanosheets and as part of hybrid synthesis.

I 2 Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: An material entity used for I 2 ionomer.

ICPAES Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer used to quantify Pt for loading determination.
alternative label: ICP instrument
alternative label: ICP-AES

ICP Elemental Analysis Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: La Ni O 3 Perovskite Oxide
measures: Al Content Wt
measures: Mg Content Wt
measures: Ni Content Wt
measures: Ni Fraction In Ni Plus Mg
measures: Ni Plus Mg To Al Molar Ratio
usesInstrument: ICPAES Instrument
usesInstrument: ICP Instrument
description: ICP elemental analysis used to quantify Ni content.
alternative label: ICP
alternative label: ICP elemental analysis
alternative label: ICP measurement

ICP Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for inductively coupled plasma elemental analysis.
alternative label: ICP

IRCompensation Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying ircompensation fraction used to characterize Linear Sweep Voltammetry.

IRSO 3 Stretching Peak Wavenumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IRSO3StretchingPeakWavenumber QV
description: A property denoting fTIR wavenumber position of Nafion sulfonate (-SO3-) asymmetric stretching peak.

Ilastik Software
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an ilastik software.
alternative label: Ilastik

Illumination Beam Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IlluminationBeamDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying diameter of focused illumination beam used in high-speed imaging setup.
alternative label: beam diameter
alternative label: light beam diameter

Image Analysis Pore Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Pore Area Fraction
measures: Pore Major Axis
measures: Pore Minor Axis
description: 2D image analysis on fracture surfaces to quantify pore major/minor axes and pore area fraction.
alternative label: ImageJ pore size analysis
alternative label: fracture surface pore measurement

Image Height Pixels
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ImageHeightPixels QV
description: A parameter specifying image height in pixels for recorded frames.
alternative label: image height

Image Width Pixels
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ImageWidthPixels QV
description: A parameter specifying image width in pixels for recorded frames.
alternative label: image width

Immunofluorescence Cytocompatibility Assay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: PDL
hasInputMaterial: PDL Ag NW Composite Ink
hasInputMaterial: Thermanox Substrate
hasParameter: Carbon Dioxide Percent
hasParameter: Cell Seeding Density
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Test Duration
measures: Astrocyte Cell Area
measures: Astrocyte Percentage
usesInstrument: Confocal Microscope
description: Biological assay to quantify cell adhesion/composition on substrates (e.g., astrocyte fraction and morphology).
alternative label: cytocompatibility assay

Impedance Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing impedance data generated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic, and Proton Conductivity Measurement.
alternative label: EIS spectra dataset
alternative label: H2/N2 impedance spectra
alternative label: impedance spectra

Impedance Modulus Slope K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ImpedanceModulusSlopeK QV
description: A property denoting impedance modulus slope K and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: K
alternative label: Z

Impregnated Support
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an impregnated support and produced in Catalyst Impregnation.

Impregnation Cycles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying impregnation cycles used to characterize Catalyst Impregnation.

In Plane Effective Diffusivity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Electrosprayed Catalyst Layer
hasOutputData: Oxygen Concentration Time Series Data
measures: Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
usesInstrument: Fiber Optic Oxygen Probe
description: A measurement process that determines the in-plane effective oxygen diffusion coefficient from radial oxygen-transport measurements using a fiber-optic oxygen probe and generating oxygen concentration time-series data.
alternative label: radial in-plane effective diffusivity measurement

In Plane Electronic Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InPlaneElectronicConductivity QV
description: A property denoting in plane electronic conductivity and determined in Four Probe Resistance Measurement, Review Statement Extraction, and In Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement.
alternative label: Catalyst support Electornic conductivity
alternative label: electrical conductivity
alternative label: σ_cl

In Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasOutputData: Conductivity Dataset
hasParameter: Ball Milling Time
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
measures: In Plane Electronic Conductivity
usesInstrument: Digital Multimeter
usesInstrument: Micro Ohm Meter
description: A measurement process that uses in plane electronic conductivity measurement to determine In Plane Electronic Conductivity using Micro Ohm Meter and Digital Multimeter and generating Conductivity Dataset.
alternative label: electrical conductivity measurement
alternative label: in-plane conductivity test
alternative label: resistance measurement

Incident Photon To Current Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IncidentPhotonToCurrentEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (spectral quantum efficiency) of DSSC.
alternative label: IPCE

Incident Photon To Current Efficiency Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Incident Photon To Current Efficiency
description: Spectral responsivity measurement (IPCE vs wavelength) for DSSC.
alternative label: IPCE measurement
alternative label: incident photon-to-current efficiency

Incubation Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IncubationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying incubation duration during rebinding experiments.

Inductance L
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InductanceL QV
description: A property denoting inductance L and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.

Infrared Camera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Infrared camera used to measure stack temperature.

Infrared Thermometry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Substrate Temperature
measures: Operating Temperature
measures: Temperature
usesInstrument: Infrared Camera
usesInstrument: Thermometer
description: A measurement process that uses infrared thermometry measurement to determine Temperature and Operating Temperature using Thermometer and Infrared Camera.
alternative label: IR thermometer measurement
alternative label: infrared camera temperature measurement
alternative label: infrared thermometry

Initial Catalytic Activity Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InitialCatalyticActivityLossPercent QV
description: A property denoting initial catalytic activity loss percent and determined in Review Statement Extraction.
alternative label: Loss in initialcataytio activity
alternative label: loss in initial catalytic activity

Initial Membrane Water Content Lambda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InitialMembraneWaterContentLambda QV
description: A parameter specifying initial membrane water content prior to cold start (dimensionless).
alternative label: initial membrane water content λ
alternative label: λ_initial

Initiator Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InitiatorConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying initiator (potassium persulfate) concentration used for free-radical polymerization.
alternative label: KPS concentration

Ink Aging Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying ink aging time used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation and Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement.
alternative label: aging time
alternative label: stability test time
alternative label: storage time

Ink Batch Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkBatchVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying total prepared ink batch volume (Co-HDT + Ni-BT in toluene).
alternative label: Ink volume

Ink Composition Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Ionomer Solution
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer Ink
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasParameter: Carbon Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Carbon To Surfactant Weight Ratio
hasParameter: Catalyst Suspension Concentration
hasParameter: Component Mass
hasParameter: Ionomer Dispersion Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Isopropanol Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: N Propanol Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Nafion Solution Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Number Of Spray Passes
hasParameter: PTFE Loading Fraction Of Solids
hasParameter: Pt On Carbon Weight Percent
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
hasParameter: Solvent Type
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Carbon Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Catalyst Mass
measures: Component Mass
measures: Ionomer Mass Fraction
measures: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
measures: Isopropanol Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Isopropanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: N Propanol Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Nafion Solution Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Poly Acrylic Acid Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Pt On Carbon Catalyst Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Sample Mass
measures: Solid Content Fraction
measures: Water Mass Fraction In Ink
description: A measurement process that uses ink composition specification to determine Sample Mass, Water Mass Fraction In Ink, and Isopropanol Mass Fraction In Ink.
alternative label: catalyst ink composition
alternative label: ink composition
alternative label: sample specifications

Ink Degassing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Degassing/deaeration step during catalyst ink preparation (4 min in MAZERUSTAR KK-250S).

Ink Dilution Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkDilutionRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying ink dilution ratio used for DLS measurements (volume basis).
alternative label: dilution ratio

Ink Drop Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkDropVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying volume of ink deposited on gold electrode for electrochemical tests.
alternative label: aliquot volume

Ink Extrusion Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Powder Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Microfilament
hasParameter: Deposition Time
hasParameter: Needle Diameter
hasParameter: Nozzle Diameter
hasParameter: Nozzle To Substrate Distance
hasParameter: Printer Filament Diameter Setting
usesInstrument: Direct Ink Writing Printer
usesInstrument: Peristaltic Pump
description: Extrusion-based additive manufacturing step producing microfilaments from powder inks.

Ink Formulation Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Ethanol Mass In Ink
hasParameter: Ethyl Acetate Mass In Ink
hasParameter: Ketonic Resin Mass
hasParameter: Nitrocellulose Varnish Mass
hasParameter: Pigment Cyan 153 Mass
hasParameter: Plasticizer ATBC Mass
hasParameter: Polymeric Dispersant Mass
hasParameter: Total Ink Formulation Mass
description: A measurement process for ink formulation measurement.
alternative label: formulation of printing ink
alternative label: ink formulation

Ink Formulation Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Conductive Silver Ink
hasInputMaterial: DLP Elastomer Resin
hasInputMaterial: DLP Plastic Resin
hasInputMaterial: Liquid Crystal Elastomer Ink
hasInputMaterial: Photocurable DIW Ink
hasParameter: Component Mass
hasParameter: Component Molar Ratio
hasParameter: Component Volume
hasParameter: Component Weight Percent
hasParameter: SMP 10 Volume Percent
hasParameter: Si C Fiber Volume Percent
hasParameter: Zr B 2 Volume Percent
measures: Average Chopped Fiber Length
description: Specification of DIW ink formulations: volume fractions of SMP-10, ZrB2, and SiC fiber; plus average chopped fiber length.
alternative label: ink formulation

Ink Formulation Specification Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Catalyst Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Evaporation Temperature
hasParameter: Ionomer To Catalyst Mass Ratio
hasParameter: PDMS Base To Catalyst Weight Ratio
hasParameter: Stirring Time
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Component Mass
measures: Component Volume
measures: Component Weight Percent
description: A measurement process that uses ink formulation specification measurement to determine Component Mass, Component Volume, and Component Weight Percent.
alternative label: ink formulation
alternative label: ink formulation parameters

Ink Mixing Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkMixingSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying mechanical stirring speed for ink mixing.
alternative label: mixing speed
alternative label: stirring speed

Ink Mixing Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkMixingTime QV
description: A parameter specifying mechanical stirring time for ink mixing.
alternative label: mixing time
alternative label: stirring time

Ink Preparation Burning Reaction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Occurs when Nafion solution or isopropyl alcohol contacts dry Pt/C during ink preparation; reported to cause exothermic 'burning reaction' leading to Pt nanoparticle agglomeration and reduced BET surface area/ECSA.
alternative label: burning reaction
alternative label: purposely burning reaction

Ink Printability Assessment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Carbon To Surfactant Weight Ratio
hasParameter: Surface Tension
hasParameter: Viscosity
measures: Printability Z Number
description: A measurement process that uses ink printability assessment to determine Printability Z Number.
alternative label: printability assessment

Ink Recipe Definition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Carbon Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Catalyst Mass Fraction In Ink Solids
hasParameter: Ethanol Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: PTFE Loading Fraction Of Solids
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Ink
description: Tabulated composition of catalyst inks (Pt/C, Nafion, PTFE) used for catalyst layer fabrication.

Ink Solvent Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkSolventVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying ink solvent volume used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: IPA volume
alternative label: isopropanol volume

Ink Stability Model Calculation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Carbon Aggregate Effective Density
hasParameter: Carbon Black Particle Size
hasParameter: Dielectric Constant
hasParameter: Hamaker Constant
hasParameter: Particle Volume Concentration
hasParameter: Threshold Aggregate Diameter
hasParameter: Viscosity
hasParameter: Zeta Potential
measures: Ink Stability Time
measures: Stability Ratio
description: Semi-empirical colloidal-interaction model used to calculate stability ratio and predicted stability times.

Ink Stability Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InkStabilityTime QV
description: A property denoting time until visible phase separation/settling (experimental) or until threshold aggregate size (model).
alternative label: phase separation time
alternative label: settling time
alternative label: stability time

Ink Storage Stability Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InkStorageStabilityDuration QV
description: A property denoting ink storage stability duration and determined in Review Statement Extraction.
alternative label: ink stability
alternative label: ink stability duration
alternative label: storage stability

Ink Storage Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkStorageTime QV
description: A parameter specifying ink storage/aging duration used when discussing shelf-life and dispersion stability; not present as named Parameter in ontology.
alternative label: storage time

Ink Ultrasonication
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
used: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ru On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasParameter: Duty Cycle
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Sonication Amplitude Percent
hasParameter: Sonication Power
hasParameter: Sonication Time
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Ultrasonication Time
hasParameter: Water Bath Temperature
hasParameter: Water To Isopropanol Molar Ratio
usesInstrument: Ultrasonic Bath
usesInstrument: Ultrasonicator
description: A manufacturing process for ink ultrasonication using Catalyst Ink, Pt Ru On Carbon Catalyst, and Isopropanol with Ultrasonicator and Ultrasonic Bath and producing Catalyst Ink.
alternative label: ultrasonic bath
alternative label: ultrasonic mixing
alternative label: ultrasonicated

Ink Water Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkWaterVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying ink water volume used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: water volume

Inkjet Printer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an inkjet printer and used in Inkjet Printing and Inkjet Printing Process.
alternative label: Dimatix DMP-2811 printer
alternative label: Dimatix printer
alternative label: piezo driven ink jet printer

Inkjet Printing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Docosyltriethoxysilane
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Dye Concentration
hasParameter: Ink Dilution Ratio
hasParameter: Ink Drop Volume
usesInstrument: Inkjet Printer
description: Digital printing method requiring controlled ink rheology and particle size to avoid nozzle clogging.
alternative label: digital printing
alternative label: ink-jet

Inkjet Printing Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Gold Nanoparticle Ink
hasInputMaterial: PET Substrate
hasInputMaterial: Printed Ferritin Pre Catalyst Pattern
hasInputMaterial: Quantum Dot Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: PET Substrate
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Gold Electrode
hasParameter: Acoustic Frequency
hasParameter: Aluminum Nitrate Molar Concentration
hasParameter: Aluminum Nitrate Solution Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Drop Spacing
hasParameter: Droplet Volume
hasParameter: Inkjet Printing Spatial Resolution
hasParameter: Nozzle Diameter
hasParameter: Printed Layer Count
hasParameter: Printed Line Width
hasParameter: Substrate Temperature
hasParameter: Surfactant Solution Concentration
hasParameter: Temperature
usesInstrument: Inkjet Printer
description: Drop-on-demand inkjet printing process used to print QD dot arrays.
alternative label: DOD inkjet printer
alternative label: inkjet printing

Inkjet Printing Spatial Resolution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: InkjetPrintingSpatialResolution QV
description: A parameter specifying smallest feature size / placement precision claimed for inkjet printing in this context (µm).

Inter Agglomerate Pore Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InterAgglomeratePoreSize QV
description: A property denoting inter agglomerate pore size and determined in Literature Microstructure Compilation, X Ray Computed Tomography Imaging, and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement.
alternative label: average pore size
alternative label: pore size
alternative label: secondary pore size

Inter Crystallite Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InterCrystalliteDistance QV
description: A property denoting inter crystallite distance and determined in Reported Material Property.
alternative label: ID
alternative label: inter-particle distance

Interdiffusion Onset Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InterdiffusionOnsetTemperature QV
description: A property denoting temperature at which interdiffusion between metallic phases is first observed (e.g., Fe-Ni interdiffusion forming fcc-(Fe,Ni)).

Interdigitated Electrode Array
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Planar interdigitated microelectrode array used for thin-film conductivity and microelectrolyzer experiments.
alternative label: interdigitated electrodes

Interfacial Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InterfacialResistance QV
description: A property denoting interfacial resistance.
alternative label: R_interfacial
alternative label: dissolution resistance
alternative label: gas–ionomer interface resistance

Interlayer Spacing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InterlayerSpacing QV
description: A property denoting crystallographic interlayer spacing measured from HR-TEM lattice fringes.
alternative label: d(002)
alternative label: d-spacing
alternative label: d003

Intermediate Relaxation Resistance R 0
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IntermediateRelaxationResistanceR0 QV
description: A property denoting intermediate relaxation resistance R 0 and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: R0

Internal Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InternalCurrentDensity QV
description: A property denoting internal current density term in Eq. (1) polarization curve model.
alternative label: i_n

Interplanar Lattice Spacing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InterplanarLatticeSpacing QV
description: A property denoting interplanar lattice spacing measured from HRTEM (e.g., ~0.2 nm for Pd (200) planes).
alternative label: interplanar spacing
alternative label: lattice spacing

Interplanar Spacing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: InterplanarSpacing QV
description: A property denoting interplanar spacing (e.g., d(002)) measured from HRTEM or XRD.
alternative label: d-spacing

Intrinsic Viscosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IntrinsicViscosity QV
description: A parameter specifying intrinsic viscosity parameter from Krieger–Dougherty fit to high-shear relative viscosity data.

Iodide Triiodide Redox Electrolyte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Electrolyte containing iodide/triiodide redox couple and additives in 3-methoxypropionitrile.
alternative label: I3-/I- electrolyte
alternative label: iodine redox couple
alternative label: redox electrolyte

Iodine Value
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IodineValue QV
description: A property denoting iodine value and determined in Iodine Value Measurement.

Iodine Value Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Castor Oil
hasInputMaterial: Soybean Oil
measures: Iodine Value
description: A measurement process that uses iodine value measurement to determine Iodine Value.
alternative label: iodine value
alternative label: iodine value determination

Ion Exchange Capacity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonExchangeCapacity QV
description: A parameter specifying ion exchange capacity used to characterize Limiting Current Measurement.
alternative label: HNN4
alternative label: HNN9
alternative label: IEC

Ion Exchange Capacity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Ion Exchange Capacity
description: A measurement process that uses ion exchange capacity measurement to determine Ion Exchange Capacity.
alternative label: IEC
alternative label: IEC measurement

Ionic Liquid Additive
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: An material entity used for ionic liquid additive.
alternative label: IL
alternative label: ionic liquid

Ionic Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonicResistance QV
description: A property denoting catalyst-layer ionic resistance derived from high-frequency impedance analysis at low current density.
alternative label: Re
alternative label: Ri
alternative label: ionic resistance of catalyst layer

Ionic Strength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonicStrength QV
description: A parameter specifying ionic strength of the ink dispersion medium (assumed salt-free; approximated by [H+]).
alternative label: I
alternative label: [H+]

Ionomer Adsorption Capacity Per Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerAdsorptionCapacityPerMass QV
description: A property denoting maximum first-layer Nafion adsorption per substrate mass from Langmuir fit.
alternative label: maximum adsorption capacity (mg/mg)
alternative label: Γmax

Ionomer Adsorption Capacity Per Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerAdsorptionCapacityPerSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting maximum first-layer Nafion adsorption normalized by BET surface area.
alternative label: maximum adsorption per unit surface area (mg/m²)
alternative label: Γ'max

Ionomer Adsorption Isotherm Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Ionomer Adsorption Capacity Per Mass
measures: Ionomer Adsorption Capacity Per Surface Area
measures: Ionomer Adsorption Ratio
measures: Langmuir Adsorption Constant
usesInstrument: Analytical Balance
usesInstrument: F 19 NMR Instrument
description: Quantifies Nafion adsorption on CB and Pt/C surfaces vs equilibrium concentration; Langmuir fits yield KL and Γmax.
alternative label: Nafion adsorption isotherm
alternative label: adsorption isotherm measurement
alternative label: adsorption ratio measurement

Ionomer Adsorption Rate Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
measures: Ionomer Adsorption Rate On Pt Carbon
usesInstrument: Analytical Balance
description: Determination of fraction of ionomer adsorbed onto Pt/C by filtering ink, drying supernatant, and weighing.
alternative label: adsorption rate measurement
alternative label: ionomer adsorption into Pt/carbon

Ionomer Adsorption Rate On Pt Carbon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerAdsorptionRateOnPtCarbon QV
description: A property denoting ionomer adsorption rate on pt carbon and determined in Ionomer Adsorption Rate Measurement.
alternative label: adsorption rate of ionomer on Pt/carbon

Ionomer Adsorption Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerAdsorptionRatio QV
description: A property denoting dimensionless ratio of ionomers adsorbed on Pt/C: Γ = (Cp0 - Cp)/Cp0 (Eq. 2).
alternative label: I (ionomer adsorption ratio)
alternative label: adsorption ratio
alternative label: ionomer adsorption

Ionomer Aggregate Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerAggregateDiameter QV
description: A property denoting ionomer aggregate diameter and determined in Molecular Dynamics Simulation.
alternative label: aggregate diameter
alternative label: cylindrical ionomer diameter
alternative label: ionomer aggregate size

Ionomer Aggregate Size Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerAggregateSizeRatio QV
description: A property denoting dimensionless ratio comparing ionomer aggregate sizes between two solvent conditions (e.g., water vs dipropylene glycol).
alternative label: aggregate size ratio

Ionomer Coating Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Support
hasInputMaterial: Graphite Sheet
hasInputMaterial: Graphite Sheet With Carboxylate Groups
hasInputMaterial: Methanol
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputData: Catalyst Ink Structure Dataset
hasOutputMaterial: Ionomer Film
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Ionomer Equivalent Weight
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Voxel Size
measures: Backbone Attachment Molar Percent
measures: Ionomer Coverage Intercept
measures: Ionomer Coverage Ln Coefficient
measures: Ionomer Film Thickness
measures: Ionomer Patch Surface Coverage
description: Computational step that applies a constant-thickness ionomer film to carbon to meet a target I/C ratio.
alternative label: ionomer adsorption simulation
alternative label: ionomer coating
alternative label: ionomer coating step

Ionomer Connected Electrochemically Active Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerConnectedElectrochemicallyActiveSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting ionomer connected electrochemically active surface area and determined in Carbon Monoxide Stripping Voltammetry.
alternative label: ECSA_ionomer
alternative label: Pt surface in contact with ionomer
alternative label: ionomer connected ECSA

Ionomer Coverage Intercept
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerCoverageIntercept QV
description: A parameter specifying intercept term in the ionomer surface coverage correlation (Eq. 4).
alternative label: coverage intercept

Ionomer Coverage Ln Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerCoverageLnCoefficient QV
description: A parameter specifying coefficient multiplying ln(R_I/C) in the empirical/simulation correlation for ionomer surface coverage (Eq. 4).

Ionomer Coverage On Carbon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerCoverageOnCarbon QV
description: A property denoting fraction/percent of carbon surface covered by ionomer inferred from EIS double-layer capacitance with CO blocking.
alternative label: ionomer coverage on C

Ionomer Coverage On Platinum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerCoverageOnPlatinum QV
description: A property denoting fraction/percent of Pt surface covered by ionomer inferred from EIS double-layer capacitance with CO blocking.
alternative label: ionomer coverage on Pt

Ionomer Dispersion Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerDispersionMassFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of ionomer in the supplied dispersion (wt.%).
alternative label: diluted ionomer dispersion
alternative label: ionomer dispersion
alternative label: ionomer dispersion content

Ionomer Dispersion Property Compilation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Ionomer Solution
hasOutputData: Ionomer Dispersion Property Dataset
measures: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Ion Exchange Capacity
measures: Ionomer Dispersion Mass Fraction
measures: Ionomer Equivalent Weight
measures: Viscosity
measures: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
description: A measurement process that uses ionomer dispersion property compilation to determine Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture, Ion Exchange Capacity, and Ionomer Dispersion Mass Fraction and generating Ionomer Dispersion Property Dataset.
alternative label: ionomer dispersion solutions

Ionomer Dispersion Property Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing ionomer dispersion property data generated by Ionomer Dispersion Property Compilation.
alternative label: Table 1 dataset
alternative label: ionomer dispersion table

Ionomer Equivalent Weight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying ionomer equivalent weight used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation, Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation, and Ionomer Coating Simulation.
alternative label: Aquivion
alternative label: EW
alternative label: equivalent weight

Ionomer Film
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Thin ionomer film coating Pt/C agglomerates in cathode catalyst layer; provides additional O2 transport resistance in low-Pt cells.
alternative label: Nafion film
alternative label: ionomer coating
alternative label: thin ionomer film

Ionomer Film Oxygen Transport Resistivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerFilmOxygenTransportResistivity QV
description: A property denoting ionomer film O2 transport resistivity (units s cm^-1) defined in Nomenclature and computed via single-pore model (Eq. for \mathcal{R}_N).
alternative label: R_N
alternative label: ionomer film O2 transport resistivity
alternative label: oxygen transport resistivity

Ionomer Film Resistance Exponent D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerFilmResistanceExponentD QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer film resistance exponent D used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: D

Ionomer Film Resistance Prefactor C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerFilmResistancePrefactorC QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer film resistance prefactor C used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: C
alternative label: interfacial resistance prefactor
alternative label: ionomer film resistance C

Ionomer Film Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerFilmThickness QV
description: A property denoting thickness of ionomer film covering catalyst particles or supports (nm scale).
alternative label: Nafion film thickness
alternative label: ionomer layer thickness
alternative label: lN

Ionomer Inter Particle Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerInterParticleDistance QV
description: A property denoting mean interparticle distance between PFSA ionomer nanoparticles estimated from the SANS correlation peak (d=2π/q).
alternative label: Nafion ionomer inter-NP distance
alternative label: inter-NP distance
alternative label: interparticle distance (d)

Ionomer Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Normalization Basis
hasQuantityValue: IonomerMass QV
description: A normalization basis corresponding to ionomer mass and used as the reference basis for reporting quantitative results or properties.
alternative label: Nafion mass (per area)
alternative label: Nafion mass loading
alternative label: electrolyte mass

Ionomer Mass Fractal Radius Of Gyration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerMassFractalRadiusOfGyration QV
description: A property denoting radius of gyration (Rg) of the ionomer mass-fractal structure forming the shell/percolating through carbon aggregates (carbon contrast-match).
alternative label: Rg of Nafon ionomer mass fractal in
alternative label: Rg of ionomer mass fractal

Ionomer Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerMassFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer mass fraction used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement.
alternative label: Nafion fraction
alternative label: Y_el
alternative label: ionomer/catalyst mass ratio 3/7

Ionomer Nanofiber Scaffolding Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Cathode catalyst layer architecture comprising an electrospun PFSA nanofiber mat scaffold alternated with electrosprayed Pt/C + ionomer coating layers.

Ionomer Nanoparticle Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerNanoparticleHeight QV
description: A property denoting ionomer nanoparticle height and determined in Contrast Variation SANSUSANS Measurement.
alternative label: cylindrical particle height

Ionomer Nanoparticle Radius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerNanoparticleRadius QV
description: A property denoting radius of rodlike (cylindrical) PFSA ionomer nanoparticles estimated from SANS cylinder model fits.
alternative label: cylinder radius
alternative label: radius of Nafion ionomer NPs
alternative label: radius of Nafion ionomer NPs (nm)

Ionomer Oxygen Transport Resistance Component
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerOxygenTransportResistanceComponent QV
description: A property denoting ionomer-related contribution to pressure-independent transport resistance.
alternative label: R_ionomer
alternative label: film transport component
alternative label: ionomer film oxygen transport component

Ionomer Patch Surface Coverage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerPatchSurfaceCoverage QV
description: A property denoting fraction of catalyst-layer surface covered by ionomer patches (estimated from SEM images).
alternative label: fractional ionomer coverage
alternative label: ionomer coverage
alternative label: ionomer patch coverage

Ionomer Porosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerPorosity QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer porosity.
alternative label: nanoporous ionomer

Ionomer Solution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an ionomer solution and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation, Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement, and Electron Microscopy Imaging.
alternative label: HC solution
alternative label: Pemion solution
alternative label: ionomer dispersion

Ionomer Thin Film Permeability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: IonomerThinFilmPermeability QV
description: A property denoting ionomer thin film permeability.
alternative label: gas permeability of ionomer film
alternative label: Π_ionomer

Ionomer Thin Film Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerThinFilmThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying thickness of PFSA ionomer thin film covering catalyst particles in the cathode catalyst layer (distinct from bulk membrane thickness).
alternative label: Nafion ionomer film thickness
alternative label: Nafion thin film thickness
alternative label: thin film thickness

Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying ionomer to carbon ratio used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement.
alternative label: I/C ratio
alternative label: I/C weight ratio
alternative label: dry ionomer to carbon ratio

Ionomer To Catalyst Mass Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerToCatalystMassRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer to catalyst mass ratio used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation and Ink Formulation Specification Measurement.
alternative label: I/Cat
alternative label: ionomer-to-catalyst ratio
alternative label: ratio of FAA-3 ionomer to catalyst

Ionomer Type
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying ionomer type used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: PTFE ionomer
alternative label: PVDF ionomer

Ionomer Uniformity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerUniformity QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer uniformity.
alternative label: uniform ionomer distribution

Ionomer Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer volume fraction used to characterize Limiting Current Measurement, Catalyst Layer Composition Specification, and Areal Water Storage Space.
alternative label: ionomer bulk volume fraction
alternative label: ε_I
alternative label: ε_m

Ionomer Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IonomerWeightPercentInCatalystLayer QV
description: A parameter specifying ionomer weight percent in catalyst layer.

Irgacure 819
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photoinitiator used in multiple resins/inks.

Irgacure Oxe 02
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photoinitiator listed among materials.

Iridium Oxide Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an iridium oxide catalyst and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: Iridium(IV) oxide catalyst powder
alternative label: iridium oxide
alternative label: iridium oxide (IrO2) catalyst particles

Iron Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Iron acetate precursor used (with cobalt acetate) for FeCo catalyst deposition.

Iron III Nitrate Nonahydrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an iron III nitrate nonahydrate and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.

Iron II Ichloride Hexahydrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Fe salt added during shearing to catalyze carbothermal graphitization.
alternative label: ferric chloride hexahydrate

Iron Iron Oxide Catalyst Nanoparticle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Active catalyst particles generated from ferritin after thermal treatment; mixture of iron and iron oxide under CVD conditions.
alternative label: iron based catalyst particles
alternative label: iron/iron oxide catalyst particles

Iron Oxide Fe 3 O 4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Iron oxide (Fe3O4) used as non-Pt ORR catalyst blended into conductive ink (CIFe).
alternative label: Fe3O4
alternative label: iron oxide

Irradiation Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IrradiationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying visible-light irradiation duration for photocatalytic degradation tests.
alternative label: visible-light irradiation time

Isodecyl Acrylate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Monomer component of DLP elastomer resin.
alternative label: I.A.

Isopropanol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Solvent component in ink/ionomer solutions (1:1 wt% IPA:H2O). Not present as specific solvent term in ontology.
alternative label: isopropanol alcohol
alternative label: isopropanol solvent
alternative label: isopropyl alcohol

Isopropanol Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IsopropanolMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of added isopropanol in the ink formulation (wt.% of total ink).

Isopropanol To Water Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IsopropanolToWaterVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying description=Volume ratio of isopropanol to water in RRDE catalyst ink solvent mixture (2:1).
alternative label: isopropanol and water ratio 2:1

Isopropanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: IsopropanolVolumeFractionInSolventMixture QV
description: A parameter specifying volume fraction of isopropanol in the IPA/H2O dispersing medium (DM); varied 10–70 vol% IPA.
alternative label: IPA
alternative label: IPA volume fraction

Isopropyl Alcohol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific solvent used in catalyst ink; not explicitly present as a distinct Matter term in ontology (only as altLabel under generic Solvent).
alternative label: isopropanol

JV Performance Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of current density versus voltage under illumination.

Jeffamine M 2005
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polyether amine (Jeffamine M-2005, MW ~2000 g/mol) used as ring-opening agent to prepare polymeric dispersants (Section 2.1).

K 2 O Al 2 O 3 Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: K2OAl2O3MolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying molar ratio K2O/Al2O3 in geopolymer formulation.
alternative label: K2O/Al203
alternative label: K2O/Al2O3

KOH Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: KOHConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying KOH concentration used to characterize MEAPolarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, and Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry.
alternative label: M KOH

KOH Immersion Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Hydroxide
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
description: Pre-conditioning/activation step: immersing GDE in 1 M KOH to exchange ionomer counterions (I− → OH−) prior to ORR tests.

KOH Soaking Pretreatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Pretreatment step for electrodes and AEM to exchange halide to OH− via soaking in 1 M KOH for 1 h, followed by washing.

Kapton Film
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polyimide film used as decal substrate.
alternative label: Kapton decal substrate
alternative label: Kapton film (Du Pont)
alternative label: Kapton®

Karl Fischer Titrator
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Karl Fischer titrator instrument used to determine water content (Section 2.3.5).
alternative label: Metrohm 870 Titrino plus

Ketjen Black EC 300 J Carbon Support
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Conventional porous carbon support (Ketjen Black EC300J) used for Pt/K reference catalysts.
alternative label: EC300J
alternative label: Ketjen Black EC300J
alternative label: carbon black support

Ketonic Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for ketonic resin.
alternative label: cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin

Ketonic Resin Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: KetonicResinMass QV
description: A parameter specifying ketonic resin mass used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: Ketonic resin
alternative label: cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin mass

Kinetic Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A property denoting kinetic current normalized to Geometric Area and determined in Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry and Linear Sweep Voltammetry.
alternative label: i_k
alternative label: j_k
alternative label: kinetic current density

Kitchen Blender
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Household blender used for solvent-free shear mixing of biomass with Fe salt.
alternative label: kitchen blender (AUX Co.)

Knudsen Diffusivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: KnudsenDiffusivity QV
description: A property denoting Knudsen diffusion coefficient of O2 in pores used in Bosanquet equation (cm2/s).
alternative label: Dik

Knudsen Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: KnudsenNumber QV
description: A parameter specifying Knudsen number (mean free path / pore diameter) used to assess Knudsen diffusion regime.
alternative label: Kn

Knudsen Oxygen Transport Resistance Component
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: KnudsenOxygenTransportResistanceComponent QV
description: A property denoting knudsen diffusion-related contribution to pressure-independent transport resistance.
alternative label: Knudsen resistance
alternative label: R_Knudsen
alternative label: void pore oxygen transport resistance

Kookaburra USANS Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a kookaburra USANS instrument and used in Contrast Variation SANSUSANS Measurement.
alternative label: Kookaburra USANS instrument (ANSTO)

LSTM Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A data resource used to represent LSTM model.
alternative label: LSTM

La B 6 Calibration Standard
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Calibration standard powder for diffraction setup.

La Ni O 3 Perovskite Oxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a la ni O 3 perovskite oxide and used as an input in Cyclic Voltammetry and ICP Elemental Analysis Measurement.
alternative label: LaNiO3
alternative label: LaNiO₃
alternative label: perovskite oxide LaNiO3

Lamp To Sample Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LampToSampleDistance QV
description: A parameter specifying distance between lamp and reaction solution during irradiation.

Langmuir Adsorption Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LangmuirAdsorptionConstant QV
description: A property denoting first-layer Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant from adsorption isotherm fits; unit not explicitly stated in paper.
alternative label: KL
alternative label: Langmuir constant
alternative label: equilibrium adsorption constant

Large Pore Fraction Above 150 nm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LargePoreFractionAbove150nm QV
description: A property denoting large pore fraction above 150 nm and determined in FIBSEM Tomography Measurement.

Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Laser diffraction analyzer used in wet mode for particle sizing.
alternative label: LS 13 320 Particle Size Analyzer (Beckman Coulter)
alternative label: S3500 Microtrac laser diffraction particle size analyzer

Laser Diffraction Scattering Particle Size Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Graphite Ink Suspension
hasOutputData: Agglomerate Size Distribution Dataset
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
measures: Hydrodynamic Diameter
measures: Mean Particle Size
measures: Particle Size D 50
measures: Particle Size D 90
usesInstrument: Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
usesInstrument: Laser Particle Sizer
description: Particle size distribution analyzer (Horiba LA-960V2) for carbon support particle size distribution.
alternative label: laser diffraction
alternative label: laser diffraction/scattering particle size analysis
alternative label: particle size distribution

Laser Fluence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LaserFluence QV
description: A parameter specifying laser fluence/energy density used in PLD (e.g., 20 J/cm^2).

Laser Particle Size Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
measures: Particle Size D 50
usesInstrument: Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
usesInstrument: Laser Particle Sizer
description: Laser particle sizing to determine powder particle size distribution (D50/median).
alternative label: laser diffraction particle size analysis
alternative label: laser particle sizer
alternative label: particle size distribution

Laser Particle Sizer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for laser-based particle size distribution measurement.

Laser Pulse Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LaserPulseLength QV
description: A parameter specifying laser pulse duration used in PLD (e.g., 18 ns).
alternative label: pulse length

Laser Repetition Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LaserRepetitionRate QV
description: A parameter specifying laser repetition rate used in PLD (e.g., 10 Hz).
alternative label: repetition rate

Laser Wavelength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LaserWavelength QV
description: A parameter specifying laser wavelength used in confocal 3D laser scanning microscopy.
alternative label: excimer laser wavelength
alternative label: excitation wavelength
alternative label: λ_laser

Laser Z Step
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LaserZStep QV
description: A parameter specifying increment in Z used for laser focus scanning in microscopy.
alternative label: focusing height step
alternative label: z-step

Lateral Electronic Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LateralElectronicResistance QV
description: A property denoting in-plane/lateral electronic resistance of dry catalyst layer measured by four-probe I–V method (Ohm).
alternative label: electronic resistance
alternative label: four-probe resistance
alternative label: lateral resistance

Lattice Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LatticeDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying overall diameter of printed cylindrical lattice (mm).

Lattice Distortion Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LatticeDistortionPercent QV
description: A property denoting lattice distortion percent.
alternative label: lattice distortion
alternative label: lattice parameter distortion

Lattice Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LatticeHeight QV
description: A parameter specifying overall height of printed cylindrical lattice (mm).

Lattice Parameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LatticeParameter QV
description: A property denoting fCC lattice parameter determined from XRD peak positions.
alternative label: fcc lattice parameter
alternative label: lattice constant a
alternative label: lattice parameter a

Lattice Structure Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LatticeStructureSize QV
description: A property denoting macroscopic dimensions of printed/sintered grid structures (e.g., 15×15 mm before; 11.54×11.62 mm after).
alternative label: grid size
alternative label: structure size

Layer-by-Layer Deposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Porosity
description: A manufacturing process for layer by layer deposition using Catalyst Ink and Proton Exchange Membrane and producing Catalyst Coated Membrane.
alternative label: LBL deposition
alternative label: layer-by-layer

Lead Bromide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Lead bromide used as halide source/ligand in solution-phase ligand exchange.

Lead Iodide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Lead iodide used as halide source/ligand in solution-phase ligand exchange.

Li Cl To BI Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LiClToBIMolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying liCl-to-benzimidazole repeat unit (BI) molar ratio used in DLS solutions.
alternative label: [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio

Li Cl To PBI Weight Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LiClToPBIWeightRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying li cl to PBI weight ratio.
alternative label: [LiCl]/[PBI] weight ratio

Ligand Density Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LigandDensityWeightPercent QV
description: A property denoting ligand mass fraction on QDs inferred from TGA weight loss.
alternative label: ligand density (wt%)
alternative label: total ligand density
alternative label: total ligand density of MSA capped QD

Ligand Exchange Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Mercaptosuccinic Acid
hasInputMaterial: Oleic Acid Capped Quantum Dot
hasOutputMaterial: MSA Capped Quantum Dot
hasParameter: Ethanol Volume
hasParameter: Free MSA Weight Percent Based On QD
hasParameter: Ligand Exchange Reaction Time
hasParameter: MSA Mass
hasParameter: MSA Weight Percent Of QD Powder
hasParameter: Purification Repetitions
hasParameter: QD Powder Mass
hasParameter: Vacuum Drying Time
description: Process of exchanging native ligands on QDs with MSA; includes stirring and purification.
alternative label: MSA ligand exchange reaction
alternative label: ligand exchange
alternative label: surface ligand exchange

Ligand Exchange Reaction Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LigandExchangeReactionTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of ligand exchange reaction/stirring.

Light Intensity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Projector Light Intensity
usesInstrument: Radiometer Photometer
description: Measurement of DLP projector light intensity using a radiometer/photometer.
alternative label: projector intensity measurement

Light Source Power
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LightSourcePower QV
description: A parameter specifying lamp power used as visible-light source in photocatalytic experiments.
alternative label: lamp power

Lignin Graphene Oxide Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
hasParameter: Graphene Oxide To Lignin Mass Ratio
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
description: A material entity corresponding to a lignin graphene oxide ink and used as an input in Rheology Measurement and Direct Ink Writing.
alternative label: GO-lignin ink
alternative label: lignin-GO ink
alternative label: lignin-graphene oxide solution

Limit Of Linearity Strain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LimitOfLinearityStrain QV
description: A property denoting strain amplitude where G′ deviates by >10% from plateau value (linear viscoelastic limit).
alternative label: limit of linearity
alternative label: limit strain of linearity
alternative label: γ0

Limiting Current Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Limiting current values and derived O2 transport resistances vs pressure and O2 concentration.
alternative label: Figure S7 limiting current
alternative label: limiting current data
alternative label: transport resistance data

Limiting Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A property denoting limiting current density normalized to Geometric Area and determined in Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, and Linear Sweep Voltammetry.
alternative label: i_L
alternative label: i_lim
alternative label: limiting current

Limiting Current Density Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LimitingCurrentDensityLossPercent QV
description: A property denoting relative decrease (%) in limiting current density compared with ideal interface contact (e.g., due to MPL/CL interfacial voids).
alternative label: limiting current density decrease (%)

Limiting Current Density Loss Percent After ADT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LimitingCurrentDensityLossPercentAfterADT QV
description: A property denoting percent loss in LimitingCurrentDensity after ADT potential cycling.
alternative label: limiting current density loss
alternative label: loss in diffusion limiting current density

Limiting Current Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputData: Limiting Current Dataset
hasOutputData: Local Oxygen Transport Resistance Dataset
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Active Area
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Gas Flow Rate
hasParameter: Ion Exchange Capacity
hasParameter: Ionomer Film Thickness
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Ionomer Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Lower Potential Limit
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Oxygen Partial Pressure
hasParameter: Oxygen Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Oxygen Volume Percent
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Solvent Type
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Upper Potential Limit
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Ionomer Oxygen Transport Resistance Component
measures: Knudsen Oxygen Transport Resistance Component
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Local Gas Transport Resistance
measures: Local Oxygen Transport Resistance
measures: Mass Transport Resistance
measures: Pressure Dependent Gas Diffusion Resistance
measures: Pressure Independent Gas Diffusion Resistance
measures: Total Gas Diffusion Resistance
referenceElectrode: Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode (H2 Anode in MEA)
usesInstrument: Electric Load
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Cell
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Gas Humidification Unit
usesInstrument: Interdigitated Electrode Array
usesInstrument: Mass Flow Controller
description: Limiting current protocol using diluted O2 and voltage sweeps to derive O2 transport resistances.
alternative label: limiting current
alternative label: limiting current measurements
alternative label: oxygen limiting current

Linear Shrinkage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LinearShrinkage QV
hasQuantityValue: LinearShrinkage QV 2
description: A property denoting linear shrinkage and determined in X Ray Computed Tomography Measurement.

Linear Shrinkage Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LinearShrinkageHeight QV
description: A property denoting linear shrinkage (%) in specimen height from as-cured to pyrolyzed.
alternative label: shrinkage in height direction

Linear Shrinkage Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LinearShrinkageLength QV
description: A property denoting linear shrinkage (%) in specimen length from as-cured to pyrolyzed.
alternative label: shrinkage in length direction

Linear Shrinkage Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Linear Shrinkage Height
measures: Linear Shrinkage Length
measures: Linear Shrinkage Width
description: Measurement of linear shrinkage (%) between as-cured and pyrolyzed flexural bars in height/width/length directions.

Linear Shrinkage Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LinearShrinkageWidth QV
description: A property denoting linear shrinkage (%) in specimen width from as-cured to pyrolyzed.
alternative label: shrinkage in width direction

Linear Stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Vertical linear motion stage moving the build platform between DLP and DIW positions.
alternative label: vertical z stage

Linear Sweep Voltammetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Air Breathing Cathode
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Fe Doped Graphene Flakes
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Glassy Carbon Disk Electrode
hasInputMaterial: Methanol
hasInputMaterial: Mo S 2 Nanosheets
hasInputMaterial: Mo S 2 Ni Fe 2 O 4 Nanohybrid
hasInputMaterial: Ni Fe 2 O 4 Nanostructure
hasInputMaterial: Perchloric Acid Electrolyte
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Hydroxide
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Sulfate
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte PH
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: IRCompensation Fraction
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
hasParameter: Lower Potential Limit
hasParameter: Methanol Concentration
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Rotation Rate
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Upper Potential Limit
measures: Cathode Potential
measures: Current Density
measures: Electron Transfer Number
measures: Half Wave Potential
measures: Hydrogen Crossover Current Density
measures: Kinetic Current
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Mass Activity
measures: Onset Potential
measures: Open Circuit Voltage
measures: Overpotential
measures: Tafel Slope
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
referenceElectrode: Ag/AgCl
referenceElectrode: Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode (H2 Anode in MEA)
referenceElectrode: Mercury Mercury Oxide Reference Electrode
referenceElectrode: Reference Electrode Mercurous Sulfate
referenceElectrode: Reference Electrode Mercury Mercury Oxide
referenceElectrode: SCE
usesInstrument: Ag/AgCl
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: GDE Half Cell Setup
usesInstrument: Glassy Carbon Disk Electrode
usesInstrument: RDE Rotator
usesInstrument: RRDE Assembly
usesInstrument: Rotating Disk Electrode System
usesInstrument: SCE
description: A measurement process that uses linear sweep voltammetry to determine Current Density, Tafel Slope, and Overpotential using Electrochemical Workstation, Potentiostat, and RDERotator and generating Experiment Dataset and Polarization Curve Dataset.
alternative label: LSV
alternative label: linear sweep
alternative label: voltage sweep

Linoleic Acid Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LinoleicAcidMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting linoleic acid mass fraction and determined in Gas Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Linoleic fatty acid%

Linolenic Acid Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LinolenicAcidMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting linolenic acid mass fraction and determined in Gas Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Linolenic fatty acid%

Liquid Crystal Elastomer Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a liquid crystal elastomer ink and used as an input in Ink Formulation Specification.
alternative label: LCE ink

Liquid Ethane Plunge Freezing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Ethane Cryogen
usesInstrument: Automatic Plunge Freezer
description: Specimen preparation step: plunge/immersion freezing of TEM grids into liquid ethane to vitrify the ink/dispersion and avoid ice-crystal artifacts.
alternative label: immersion freezing into liquid ethane
alternative label: plunge freezing
alternative label: rapid freezing by liquid ethane

Liquid Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LiquidFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying liquid volumetric flow rate of anode methanol solution.
alternative label: anode feed flow rate
alternative label: flow rate
alternative label: ink flow rate

Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Treatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Cryogenic release step: liquid nitrogen scattered over MEA just before peeling decal substrate to improve transfer yield.
alternative label: LN_1–LN_4 treatment
alternative label: liquid nitrogen freezing method

Liquid Phase Exfoliation Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Silica Nanosheet
hasOutputMaterial: Exfoliated Silica Nanosheet
description: Exfoliation of SN into few-layer nanosheets using ultrasonication in ethanol.
alternative label: liquid–phase exfoliation

Liquid State Ligand Exchange
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Ligand exchange performed in solution phase to create CQD inks (phase transfer approach).
alternative label: solution-phase ligand exchange

Literature Microstructure Compilation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Carbon Black Particle Size
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Inter Agglomerate Pore Size
measures: Ionomer Film Thickness
measures: Primary Agglomerate Pore Size
measures: Pt Particle Size
measures: Zeta Potential Stability Threshold
description: A measurement process that uses literature microstructure compilation to determine Carbon Black Particle Size, Catalyst Layer Thickness, and Inter Agglomerate Pore Size.
alternative label: review compilation

Literature Review Synthesis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
measures: Effective Ionic Conductivity
measures: Ion Exchange Capacity
measures: Mesopore Volume
measures: Micropore Surface Area
measures: Micropore Volume
measures: Oxygen Permeability
measures: Water Uptake Indicator
description: A measurement process that uses literature review synthesis to determine Micropore Surface Area, Micropore Volume, and Mesopore Volume.
alternative label: literature review
alternative label: literature synthesis
alternative label: review synthesis

Lithium Chloride
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Not found in ONTOLOGY.jsonld; used as dispersing/foaming agent in catalyst ink.

Local Gas Transport Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LocalGasTransportResistance QV
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A property denoting local gas transport resistance normalized to Geometric Area and determined in Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement and Limiting Current Measurement.
alternative label: R_Local
alternative label: local mass transport resistance
alternative label: local transport resistance

Local Oxygen Transport Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A property denoting local oxygen transport resistance normalized to Geometric Area and determined in Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement.
alternative label: local O2 diffusion resistance
alternative label: local O2 diffusion resistance at Pt sites
alternative label: pressure-independent O2 resistance

Local Oxygen Transport Resistance Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing local oxygen transport resistance data generated by Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement and Limiting Current Measurement.
alternative label: compiled datasets
alternative label: oxygen transport resistance components dataset

Log Normal Standard Deviation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LogNormalStandardDeviation QV
description: A parameter specifying standard deviation (log-normal) of aggregate diameter distribution; paper states 0.25.
alternative label: σ_lognormal

Loss Modulus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LossModulus QV
description: A property denoting loss modulus (G″) characterizing ink viscous dissipation under oscillatory shear.
alternative label: G''
alternative label: loss modulus G″
alternative label: viscous modulus

Low Activity Pt Particle Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: LowActivityPtParticleFraction QV
description: A property denoting fraction of Pt particles in a specified low current-density interval (paper reports 41% in 200–800 A·m_Pt^-2 for structure 2).
alternative label: fraction of Pt particles (low activity)
alternative label: fraction of Pt particles with low activity

Lower Potential Limit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: LowerPotentialLimit QV
description: A parameter specifying lower limit of potential window for a protocol (V).
alternative label: lower limit
alternative label: lower limit potential
alternative label: lower potential

MATLAB Software
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a MATLAB software.
alternative label: MATLAB®

MEA Assembly
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
hasOutputMaterial: Aqueous Organic Flow Battery
description: A material entity corresponding to a membrane electrode assembly and used as an input in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, fuel-cell polarization measurement, and related electrochemical testing.
alternative label: MEA

MEA Assembly Gap
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MEAAssemblyGap QV
description: A parameter specifying proposed_new_term. paper_context: Fixed gap used during MEA assembly/hot-pressing (e.g., 740 µm or 800 µm).
alternative label: constant gap
alternative label: hot-press gap

MEA Assembly Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
used: Gasket
used: Anode GDE
used: Cathode GDE
used: Protonated Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Gasket
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Anode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Anode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Nafion 211 Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Nafion 212 Membrane
hasInputMaterial: PTFE Polymer
hasInputMaterial: Protonated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: MEA Assembly
hasParameter: Anode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Assembly Torque
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cathode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Active Area
hasParameter: Compression Percent
hasParameter: Compression Pressure
hasParameter: Gas Diffusion Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Gasket Thickness
hasParameter: Hot Press Pressure
hasParameter: Hot Press Temperature
hasParameter: Hot Press Time
hasParameter: Membrane Thickness
hasParameter: Membrane Type
hasParameter: Printed Area
measures: Dimensional Expansion Percent
measures: Electrode Side Length
usesInstrument: Hot Press
usesInstrument: Torque Wrench
description: A manufacturing process that assembles membrane electrode assembly components into an MEA using a protonated membrane, anode gas diffusion electrode, cathode gas diffusion electrode, torque wrench, and hot press.
alternative label: MEA assembly

MEA Durability Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Cathode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: External Resistance
hasParameter: Fuel Cell Operation Time
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Cell Voltage
measures: Cell Voltage Loss
measures: Cell Voltage Loss Percent
measures: Current Density
measures: Current Density Decay Rate
measures: Durability With Cycling Hours
measures: Durability Without Cycling Hours
measures: ECSA Loss Percent
measures: Fuel Cell Operation Time
measures: Mass Activity Loss Percent
measures: Peak Power Density
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
description: Fuel-cell durability/stability measurement in MEA under constant applied voltage (0.4 V) with current monitored vs time.

MEA Polarization
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Air
hasInputMaterial: Anion Exchange Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Hydrogen
hasInputMaterial: Nitrogen
hasInputMaterial: Oxygen
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Fuel Cell Polarization Dataset
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Anode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Anode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Binder Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Binder Type
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cathode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cathode Stoichiometric Ratio
hasParameter: Cell Active Area
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cell Voltage
hasParameter: Conditioning Time
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: GDL Type
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Gas Flow Rate
hasParameter: Glucose Concentration
hasParameter: Humidifier Temperature
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Mass Flow Rate
hasParameter: Methanol Concentration
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Oxygen Partial Pressure
hasParameter: Polarization Point Duration
hasParameter: Pt Loading
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Solution Conductivity
hasParameter: Solvent Type
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Cell Voltage
measures: Current Density
measures: Fuel Cell Polarization Dataset
measures: Mass Activity
measures: Mass Transport Resistance
measures: Maximum Current Density
measures: Ohmic Resistance
measures: Open Circuit Voltage
measures: Overpotential
measures: Peak Power Density
measures: Power Density
measures: Power Density Increase Percent
measures: Pt Mass Specific Current
measures: Pt Mass Specific Peak Power Density
measures: Pt Utilization
measures: Semi Empirical Parameter A
measures: Specific Area Activity At 0 p 9 V
measures: Tafel Slope
measures: Total Internal Resistance
usesInstrument: Digital Multimeter
usesInstrument: Electric Load
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Cell
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Gas Humidification Unit
usesInstrument: Mass Flow Controller
description: A measurement process that records membrane electrode assembly polarization behavior to determine current density, power density, mass activity, and related electrochemical performance properties under controlled operating conditions.

MES Buffer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Buffer used during catalyst suspension and rebinding/incubation steps.
alternative label: MES

MSA Capped Quantum Dot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Quantum dots after ligand exchange to 3-mercaptosuccinic acid (carboxyl-terminated surface).
alternative label: MSA capped QD

MSA Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MSAMass QV
description: A parameter specifying mass of MSA ligand added in ligand exchange batch.
alternative label: MSA (mg)

MSA Weight Percent Of QD Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MSAWeightPercentOfQDPowder QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of MSA added relative to QD powder mass during ligand exchange.

Macropore Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MacroporeDiameter QV
description: A property denoting macropore diameter and determined in Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement.
alternative label: macropore size
alternative label: macropores

Macropore Volume Per Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MacroporeVolumePerMass QV
description: A property denoting macropore volume of carbon xerogel normalized by mass (cm³ g⁻¹).
alternative label: macropore volume

Magnetic Field Strength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MagneticFieldStrength QV
description: A parameter specifying applied magnetic field for magneto-electrochemistry.
alternative label: magnetic field

Magnetic Stirrer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a magnetic stirrer and used in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: magnetic bar
alternative label: magnetic stirring
alternative label: stirred

Manganese Dioxide Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Manganese dioxide cathode catalyst (non-precious), mixed with carbon (BP2000) for air cathode.

Manufacturing Throughput Increase Factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ManufacturingThroughputIncreaseFactor QV
description: A property denoting relative throughput factor (e.g., roll-to-roll vs lab spray); not present as named Property in ontology.
alternative label: throughput increase
alternative label: throughput increase factor

Mass Activity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassActivity QV
description: A property denoting mass activity and determined in MEAPolarization, Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, and Linear Sweep Voltammetry.
alternative label: A/mg_PGM
alternative label: ORR mass activity
alternative label: i_m

Mass Activity Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassActivityLossPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent loss of mass activity (durability metric).
alternative label: Mass activity loss

Mass Flow Controller
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a mass flow controller and used in MEAPolarization, Spray Coating, and Fuel Cell Test Station.
alternative label: MFC
alternative label: flow controller
alternative label: gas flow controllers

Mass Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MassFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying mass flow rate used to characterize MEAPolarization, Cyclic Voltammetry, and PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: flow rate
alternative label: mass flow rate H2
alternative label: nL/min

Mass Fractal Dimension
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassFractalDimension QV
description: A property denoting mass fractal dimension from low-q USAXS power-law scaling; higher indicates greater agglomeration.
alternative label: catalyst ink (nm) fractal dimension
alternative label: d_f
alternative label: fractal dimension

Mass Loss Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassLossFraction QV
description: A property denoting fractional mass loss during pyrolysis (reported ~30% mass loss in conclusions).
alternative label: mass loss

Mass To Charge Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassToChargeRatio QV
description: A property denoting mass to charge ratio and determined in Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Measurement.
alternative label: m/z

Mass Transport Loss Parameter M
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassTransportLossParameterM QV
description: A property denoting empirical mass-transport loss parameter m in Eq. (1): m*exp(n*i).
alternative label: m (V)
alternative label: m parameter

Mass Transport Loss Parameter N
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassTransportLossParameterN QV
description: A property denoting empirical mass-transport loss parameter n in Eq. (1): m*exp(n*i).
alternative label: n (cm2/mA)
alternative label: n parameter

Mass Transport Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: A property denoting mass transport resistance normalized to Geometric Area and determined in Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement, MEAPolarization, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: molecular diffusion resistance
alternative label: molecular diffusion resistance (secondary pores)
alternative label: pressure-dependent O2 resistance

Mass Transport Resistance Increase Due To Local Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassTransportResistanceIncreaseDueToLocalPercent QV
description: A property denoting mass transport resistance increase due to local percent.
alternative label: share attributed to local resistance

Mass Transport Resistance Increase Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassTransportResistanceIncreasePercent QV
description: A property denoting mass transport resistance increase percent.
alternative label: % increase
alternative label: increase in total mass transport resistance

Mass Transport Resistance Reduction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MassTransportResistanceReductionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent reduction in fitted mass transport resistance relative to comparator (E-spun vs E-sprayed).

Material Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: FTO Glass Substrate
measures: Sheet Resistance
description: Metadata/specification values reported for purchased materials or substrates (e.g., FTO sheet resistance).
alternative label: sheet resistance specification

Material Specification Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: BET Surface Area Nitrogen
measures: Carbon Black Particle Size
measures: Catalyst Platinum Mass Fraction
measures: Gas Diffusion Layer Thickness
measures: Membrane Thickness
measures: Molecular Weight
measures: Open Porosity
measures: PTFE Loading Fraction Of Solids
description: Capture manufacturer-reported or author-reported material specifications (e.g., molecular weight).
alternative label: material specification
alternative label: materials specification

Max Adsorption Volume Nitrogen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting maximum N2 adsorption volume (proxy for pore volume).
alternative label: maximum adsorption volume (N2)

Max Adsorption Volume Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting max adsorption volume water.
alternative label: maximum adsorption volume (H2O)

Maximum Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MaximumCurrentDensity QV
description: A property denoting maximum current density and determined in MEAPolarization, Microbial Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement, and Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement.
alternative label: max current density
alternative label: short circuit current density

Maximum Particle Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MaximumParticleVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying maximum particle volume fraction parameter (φ_max) from Krieger–Dougherty model fit.
alternative label: maximum volume fraction
alternative label: φ_max

Maximum Reduction Conversion Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MaximumReductionConversionRate QV
description: A property denoting maximum rate of oxide-to-metal conversion derived from normalized XRD peak intensity change (units %/K).
alternative label: %/K
alternative label: maximum conversion rate

Mean Absolute Percentage Error
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MeanAbsolutePercentageError QV
description: A property denoting prediction performance metric: mean absolute percentage error between measured and predicted voltage.
alternative label: MAPE

Mean Fiber Orientation Angle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MeanFiberOrientationAngle QV
description: A property denoting mean fiber orientation angle (degrees) measured from XCT images relative to print direction.
alternative label: average fiber angle
alternative label: fiber alignment angle

Mean Flow Pore Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MeanFlowPoreDiameter QV
description: A property denoting mean flow pore diameter and determined in Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement.

Mean Particle Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MeanParticleSize QV
description: A property denoting mean particle size of carbon xerogel powder after grinding, from laser diffraction.
alternative label: aggregate size
alternative label: average particle size
alternative label: particle size

Measurement Gap
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MeasurementGap QV
description: A parameter specifying rheometer plate gap used during measurements.
alternative label: doctor blade gap
alternative label: gap (rheometer)
alternative label: gap between plates

Mechanical Actuation Bioreactor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Mechanical actuation system used to impose cyclic strain on sensor under simulated physiological conditions.
alternative label: CellScale MCT6 bioreactor apparatus

Membrane Area Expansion Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Ethanol
measures: Membrane Area Expansion Percent
description: A measurement process that uses membrane area expansion measurement to determine Membrane Area Expansion Percent.
alternative label: area expansion measurement

Membrane Area Expansion Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MembraneAreaExpansionPercent QV
description: A property denoting membrane area expansion percent and determined in Membrane Swelling Measurement and Membrane Area Expansion Measurement.
alternative label: membrane area expansion

Membrane Bulk Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MembraneBulkResistance QV
description: A property denoting bulk resistance of membrane/electrolyte from AC impedance with blocking electrodes (ohm).
alternative label: Rb
alternative label: bulk resistance

Membrane Casting Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: SPFSO 2 NHGCIOH Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Sulfonated Poly Ether Ether Ketone
hasOutputMaterial: Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: SPFSO 2 NHGCIOH Membrane
hasParameter: Solvent Type
description: Casting/drying of polymer/filler solution to form membranes.

Membrane Immobilization On Pyrex Glass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Pyrex Glass
description: A manufacturing process for membrane immobilization on pyrex glass using Proton Exchange Membrane and Pyrex Glass.
alternative label: bonded on flat pyrex glass
alternative label: immobilized on pyrex glass

Membrane Porous Layer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MembranePorousLayerThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying thickness of porous surface layer on a PEM (e.g., P-Nafion porous layer ~5 µm).
alternative label: porous layer thickness
alternative label: porous layer thickness (membrane)

Membrane Swelling Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: PESPVP Composite Membrane
hasParameter: Acetone
hasParameter: Ethanol
hasParameter: Ethylene Glycol
hasParameter: Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether
hasParameter: Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
hasParameter: Isopropanol
hasParameter: Phosphoric Acid Doping
hasParameter: Water
measures: Hydration Number Lambda
measures: Membrane Area Expansion Percent
measures: Membrane Volume Expansion Percent
measures: Swelling Fraction
description: Measurement of membrane solvent uptake via volumetric swelling ratio after soaking in solvent.
alternative label: swelling measurement
alternative label: swelling ratio measurement
alternative label: swelling ratio of membrane

Membrane Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MembraneThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying membrane thickness used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, MEAAssembly Process, and PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: membrane height
alternative label: nominal thickness
alternative label: state-of-the-art membrane

Membrane Thickness Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Membrane Thickness
description: Measurement/record of membrane thickness (e.g., micrometer); reported ~80 µm.
alternative label: membrane thickness
alternative label: membrane thickness spec
alternative label: thickness measurement

Membrane Type
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying membrane type used to characterize MEAAssembly Process.

Membrane Volume Expansion Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MembraneVolumeExpansionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent change in membrane volume after PA doping.

Mercaptopropionic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Thiol additive for ligand engineering to improve ink stability.

Mercaptosuccinic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carboxyl-terminated thiol ligand used to replace native ligands on QD surfaces.

Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Anode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Support
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
hasInputMaterial: Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
hasOutputData: Pore Size Distribution Dataset
measures: Average Pore Diameter
measures: Average Pore Size
measures: Catalyst Layer Porosity
measures: Crack Volume Accessibility At 20 um
measures: Crack Width D 50 MIP
measures: Inter Agglomerate Pore Size
measures: Macropore Diameter
measures: Mean Flow Pore Diameter
measures: Mesopore Diameter
measures: Nanoscale Pore Size Max
measures: Open Porosity
measures: Particle Density
measures: Pore Size Distribution
measures: Pore Size Distribution Peak Diameter
measures: Total Pore Volume
measures: Total Porosity
measures: True Density
usesInstrument: Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement 3
usesInstrument: Mercury Porosimeter
description: Mercury intrusion to quantify larger pore volume (>50 nm) in catalyst layers.
alternative label: mercury intrusion
alternative label: mercury intrusion porosimetry
alternative label: mercury porosimetry

Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement 3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement 3 and used in Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement and Mercury Porosimeter.
alternative label: Mercury Porosimeter

Mercury Intrusion Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MercuryIntrusionPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying applied pressure during mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement (min/max).
alternative label: pressure max
alternative label: pressure min

Mercury Mercury Oxide Reference Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a mercury mercury oxide reference electrode.
alternative label: Hg/HgO reference electrode

Mercury Porosimeter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
measures: Pore Size Distribution Peak Diameter
usesInstrument: Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement 3
description: Instrument for mercury intrusion porosimetry
alternative label: Pascal 240 porosimeter (Thermo Electron – Porotec)
alternative label: Quantachrome mercury porosimeter
alternative label: mercury intrusion porosimeter

Mercury Sulfate Reference Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a mercury sulfate reference electrode and used in Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: Hg/Hg2SO4 reference electrode

Mesopore Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MesoporeDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying mesopore diameter.
alternative label: pore diameter

Mesopore Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MesoporeVolume QV
description: A property denoting pore volume attributed to mesopores (>2 nm in cited convention); reported/compared in cm^3/g.

Mesoporous Carbon Support
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon support with mesoporous/nanoporous structure used for Pt/MPC catalysts; large (~1 µm) primary particles.
alternative label: MgO-templated mesoporous carbon
alternative label: mesoporous carbon
alternative label: porous carbon

Metakaolin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aluminosilicate precursor powder (metakaolin) mixed with activating solution to form geopolymer.

Metal Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MetalAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of transition metal from XPS survey/high-resolution spectra (as reported).
alternative label: Metal %

Metal Coordinated Nitrogen Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MetalCoordinatedNitrogenFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent of N 1s assigned to nitrogen coordinated to metal (Nx-M).
alternative label: Nx-M
alternative label: nitrogen coordinated with metal

Metal Mass Per Oil Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MetalMassPerOilMass QV
description: A parameter specifying mass of alkali metal content per 100 g oil (as basis for comparison to homogeneous catalysts).

Metal Nx Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MetalNxFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting fraction/percent of metal present as M-Nx coordinated species (as reported).
alternative label: M-Nx
alternative label: metal-nitrogen coordination fraction

Metal Oxide Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MetalOxideFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting fraction/percent of metal present as metal oxides (as reported).
alternative label: MOx
alternative label: metal oxides fraction

Metal Powder Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PowderInk formulated with elemental metallic powders (Fe, Ni, Mo).
alternative label: elemental powder ink
alternative label: metal-based ink

Metallic Metal Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MetallicMetalFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting fraction/percent of metal present as metallic species in XPS metal spectrum fitting (as reported).
alternative label: Metal
alternative label: metallic particles fraction

Methane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Reactant gas for dry reforming of methane.

Methane Conversion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MethaneConversion QV
description: A property denoting methane conversion and determined in Dry Reforming Of Methane Performance Measurement.
alternative label: CH4 conversion
alternative label: X_CH4

Methanol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a methanol and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation, Linear Sweep Voltammetry, and Solvent Property Lookup.
alternative label: methanol aqueous solution
alternative label: methanol fuel
alternative label: methyl alcohol

Methanol Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MethanolConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying methanol molar concentration in anode feed.
alternative label: MeOH
alternative label: [CH3OH]
alternative label: methanol conc.

Methanol Excess Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MethanolExcessPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying methanol molar excess relative to stoichiometric requirement.

Methanol Oxidation Reaction Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
description: Electrochemical methanol oxidation measurement used as sensing/electrocatalysis readout.
alternative label: MOR

Methanol Permeability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MethanolPermeability QV
description: A property denoting methanol permeability and determined in Methanol Permeability Measurement.
alternative label: P

Methanol Permeability Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Anion Exchange Membrane
measures: Methanol Permeability
description: Measurement of methanol permeability through membrane; method not specified in paper.
alternative label: methanol permeability

Methanol Volume Per Oil Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MethanolVolumePerOilVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying methanol-to-oil volume ratio used in reaction (mL methanol per 100 mL oil).
alternative label: methanol:oil

Methyl Ethyl Ketone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Butanone/MEK co-solvent used for CQD ink solvent engineering.
alternative label: MEK

Methylene Blue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Organic dye pollutant used as model stain for self-cleaning photodegradation tests.
alternative label: MB
alternative label: methylene blue dye

Methylene Chloride
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Solvent used to dissolve PLGA and suspend powders in ink.

Methylimidazole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for methylimidazole.

Meyer Rod Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer Ink
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Microporous Layer
usesInstrument: Elcometer 4340 Bar Coating Device
description: Wire-wound rod coating process used to deposit MPL ink onto carbon fiber paper substrate.
alternative label: Meyer rods
alternative label: bar coating
alternative label: contact coating

Mg Content Wt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MgContentWt QV
description: A property denoting magnesium weight percent in LDH (from ICP-AES).
alternative label: Mg content
alternative label: wt.% Mg

Micro Ohm Meter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a micro ohm meter and used in In Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement and Through Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement.

Micro X Ray Fluorescence Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
measures: Anode Catalyst Loading
measures: Catalyst Loading
measures: Ni To SXRF Peak Area Ratio
measures: Pt Loading
usesInstrument: Micro X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
description: Measurement activity to determine Pt loading via μXRF (instrument exists in ontology, measurement class not found).
alternative label: X-ray fluorescence
alternative label: X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
alternative label: micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Micro X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a micro X ray fluorescence spectrometer and used in Micro X Ray Fluorescence Measurement and Catalyst Loading Determination.
alternative label: FISCHERSCOPE X-RAY XDV-SDD
alternative label: XRF spectrometer
alternative label: micro X-ray fluorescence

Microbalance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Microbalance used to weigh Pt loadings.

Microbial Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Activated Sludge
hasInputMaterial: Air Breathing Cathode
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Chloride Electrolyte
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Phosphate Buffer
hasInputMaterial: Sodium Acetate
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: Cell Active Area
hasParameter: External Resistance
hasParameter: Scan Rate
measures: Anode Potential
measures: Area Normalized Anode Resistance
measures: Area Normalized Cathode Resistance
measures: Area Normalized Overall Resistance
measures: COD Removal Efficiency
measures: Cathode Potential
measures: Coulombic Efficiency
measures: Current Density
measures: Maximum Current Density
measures: Normalized Energy Recovery
measures: Open Circuit Voltage
measures: Operating Voltage
measures: Peak Power Density
measures: Total Internal Resistance
usesInstrument: Ag/AgCl
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
description: Polarization/power-curve measurement of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) from open-circuit voltage to 0 mV, used to compute current density and peak power density.

Microelectrode Water Electrolyzer Polarization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Conditioning Time
hasParameter: Conditioning Voltage
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Polarization Point Duration
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Cell Voltage
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Ohmic Resistance
usesInstrument: Digital Multimeter
usesInstrument: High Voltage Power Supply
description: Polarization curves (0–4.5 V) on interdigitated microelectrodes to evaluate ohmic and mass-transport limits of electrolyte thin films.
alternative label: water-splitting performance on IDE microelectrodes

Microfilament
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: 1D extruded filament (typically <200 μm diameter) printed from powder-loaded ink.

Microfilament Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MicrofilamentDiameter QV
description: A property denoting diameter of printed/sintered microfilament.

Micrometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a micrometer and used in Catalyst Layer Thickness Measurement and Film Thickness Measurement.

Micropipette
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Ink dispensing tip used to deposit catalyst-ionomer ink onto membrane in automated deposition system.
alternative label: glass micropipette tip
alternative label: micro-pipet
alternative label: micropipette tip

Micropore Size Max
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MicroporeSizeMax QV
description: A property denoting upper bound of reported µm-scale pore size tunability range (10–20 µm).
alternative label: µm-scale pores max

Micropore Size Min
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MicroporeSizeMin QV
description: A property denoting lower bound of reported µm-scale pore size tunability range (10–20 µm).
alternative label: µm-scale pores min

Micropore Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MicroporeSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting micropore surface area and determined in Literature Review Synthesis.

Micropore Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MicroporeVolume QV
hasQuantityValue: MicroporeVolume QV 2
description: A property denoting pore volume attributed to micropores (<2 nm in cited convention); reported/compared in cm^3/g.

Microporous Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon/PTFE microporous layer deposited on GDL prior to catalyst layer.
alternative label: microporous coating
alternative label: microporous layer (middle layer)

Microporous Layer Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ink precursor used to fabricate microporous layer (carbon black + PTFE suspension + water + surfactant).
alternative label: MPL ink
alternative label: conductive ink
alternative label: ink slurry

Microporous Layer Permeability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MicroporousLayerPermeability QV
description: A parameter specifying microporous layer permeability used to characterize Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: KMPL
alternative label: MPL permeability

Microporous Layer Porosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MicroporousLayerPorosity QV
description: A parameter specifying porosity of microporous layer used in water storage calculations.
alternative label: MPL porosity
alternative label: porosity of MPL
alternative label: ε_MPL

Microporous Layer Presence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying microporous layer presence.
alternative label: MPL

Microporous Layer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MicroporousLayerThickness QV
description: A property denoting through-plane thickness of the microporous layer (MPL) on the macroporous substrate.
alternative label: MPL thickness
alternative label: thickness difference between GDM and MPS

Microporous Layer Thickness Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Microporous Layer Thickness
description: Measurement of MPL thickness as thickness difference between coated GDM and uncoated MPS using thickness gauge.
alternative label: thickness gauge measurement

Microscopy Measured Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MicroscopyMeasuredArea QV
description: A parameter specifying area analyzed by 3D microscopy (~0.25 cm² in the coating center).
alternative label: measured area
alternative label: measured surface area

Microscopy Protocol Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Laser Wavelength
hasParameter: Laser Z Step
hasParameter: Microscopy Measured Area
description: Specification of 3D laser scanning microscopy settings (wavelength, z-step, measured area).

Microstructure Graphitic Order Table 1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A data resource used to represent microstructure graphitic order table 1.

Microstructure Image Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of microscopy images before/after pyrolysis and at various sintering temperatures.

Milli Ohmmeter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a milli ohmmeter and used in Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement.
alternative label: Agilent milli-ohmmeter

Milling Media Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MillingMediaDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying diameter of SiC milling media used during ball milling (mm).
alternative label: zirconia ball diameter

Minimum Storage Modulus Requirement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MinimumStorageModulusRequirement QV
description: A property denoting minimum shear storage modulus G' required to keep filament deflection below ~5% (computed from Eq. 1).
alternative label: Smay et al. Eq. (1) requirement

Mixed Alkali Geopolymer Lattice
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Mixed sodium+potassium geopolymer lattice catalyst formulation (3D_Na.K_GP).
alternative label: Na+K geopolymer lattice
alternative label: mixed alkali geopolymer

Mn AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PGM-free M-N-C catalyst synthesized from Mn nitrate + aminoantipyrine precursor via SSM.
alternative label: Mn-AAPyr

Mo O 3 Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Molybdenum(VI) oxide powder feedstock used in blended oxide inks.
alternative label: MoO3
alternative label: MoO₃

Mo Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Elemental molybdenum powder feedstock used in metal powder inks.
alternative label: Mo

Mo S 2 Nanosheets
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Catalyst component: graphene-like thin-layer MoS2 nanosheets synthesized hydrothermally.
alternative label: MS nanosheets
alternative label: MoS2
alternative label: molybdenum sulphide nanosheets

Mo S 2 Ni Fe 2 O 4 Nanohybrid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Bifunctional hybrid catalyst: ultrathin layered MoS2 with interfacially coupled NiFe2O4 nanostructure.
alternative label: MoS2@NiFe2O4
alternative label: MoS2@NiFe2O4 nanohybrids

Model Fit R 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ModelFitR2 QV
description: A property denoting coefficient of determination for Eq. (1) fit.
alternative label: R2
alternative label: R²

Molar Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MolarConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying molar concentration (e.g., 0.5 M H2SO4).
alternative label: molarity

Molecular Diffusivity In Air
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MolecularDiffusivityInAir QV
description: A property denoting Binary molecular diffusion coefficient of O2 in air used in tortuosity analysis (cm2/s).
alternative label: Dij
alternative label: binary diffusivity in air
alternative label: molecular diffusivity

Molecular Dynamics Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Ionomer Aggregate Diameter
measures: Oxygen Solubility Factor Vs Nafion
measures: Relative Oxygen Permeability
measures: Total Gas Diffusion Resistance
measures: Water Uptake Indicator
description: Atomistic molecular dynamics simulation of PFSA ionomer thin films / interfaces (used in review to explain ionomer orientation, confined water, and O2 transport).
alternative label: MD simulation
alternative label: atomistic molecular dynamics
alternative label: molecular dynamics

Molecular Weight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MolecularWeight QV
description: A property denoting molecular weight and determined in Material Specification Measurement and Gel Permeation Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Mw
alternative label: PBI molecular weight
alternative label: PEG molecular weight

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polymer (ionomeric MIP) grafted onto catalyst acting as recognition layer and proton conductor.
alternative label: MIP

Monomer Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: MonomerConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying monomer concentrations used for radical polymerization (in buffer).
alternative label: DMAEMA
alternative label: DMAEMA concentration
alternative label: styrene concentration

Monomer Conversion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: MonomerConversion QV
description: A property denoting fractional conversion of monomers during polymerization estimated from UV–vis.

Mu Phase
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Intermetallic μ-phase ((Fe,Ni)7Mo6) formed during Mo dissolution/homogenization.
alternative label: μ-phase

Muffle Furnace
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a muffle furnace and used in Sintering Process and Thermal Crosslinking.
alternative label: muffle furnace (Nabertherm GmbH)

Multiple Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: multiple catalyst layer architecture with three sublayers (X proton-conduct, Y reaction, Z air-diffusion) used to shift reaction area through-plane
alternative label: MCL

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a multiwalled carbon nanotube and produced in Water Assisted Low Pressure CVD.

Mythen II Array Detector
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Mythen II X-ray detector array used for synchrotron powder diffraction.
alternative label: Mythen II

N 1 s Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: N1sAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of nitrogen (from N 1s signal) measured by XPS.
alternative label: N atomic percent
alternative label: N-contents
alternative label: nitrogen atomic percent

N 719 Dye
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ruthenium dye used to sensitize TiO2 photoanode.

NC Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NCAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent (at.%) ratio of nitrogen to carbon measured by EDX in CNT forests.
alternative label: N/C
alternative label: N/C (at.%)

NCNT Fs Support
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube frameworks derived from pyrolyzed ZIF-67; used as catalyst support (with or without Pt).
alternative label: NCNTFs

NMR Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Degree Of Sulfonation
description: A measurement process that uses NMR measurement to determine Degree Of Sulfonation.

N Methyl 2 Pyrrolidone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Solvent used for screen printing and bar coating slurries; not found in ontology
description: Specific solvent used in catalyst ink.
alternative label: N-methylpyrrolidone

N Propanol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Proposed Matter term for 1-propanol used as ink solvent.
alternative label: OmniSolv n-propanol
alternative label: n-PA
alternative label: propyl alcohol

N Propanol Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NPropanolMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying 1-propanol mass fraction in total ink composition (paper reports wt%).
alternative label: WF_NPA
alternative label: n-propanol (wt%)
alternative label: n-propanol fraction

NSPCN Fs Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon nanofibers used as metal-free catalyst.
alternative label: S-P-CNFs
alternative label: metal-free catalyst (N

Na 2 O Al 2 O 3 Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: Na2OAl2O3MolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying molar ratio Na2O/Al2O3 in geopolymer formulation.
alternative label: Na20/Al203
alternative label: Na2O/Al2O3

Nafion 211 Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific PFSA membrane grade used as substrate (treated as ProtonExchangeMembrane subtype).
alternative label: NR211 membrane
alternative label: Nafion 211
alternative label: Nafion 211 membranes

Nafion 212 Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a nafion 212 membrane and used as an input in Spray Coating, MEAAssembly Process, and Hot Pressing.
alternative label: Nafion NR-212
alternative label: Nafion NR-212 membrane
alternative label: Nafion-212

Nafion Backbone Solubility Parameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NafionBackboneSolubilityParameter QV
hasQuantityValue: NafionBackboneSolubilityParameter QV 2
description: A property denoting nafion backbone solubility parameter.
alternative label: solubility parameter of Nafion backbone
alternative label: δ1
alternative label: δ_backbone

Nafion Fiber Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NafionFiberDiameter QV
description: A property denoting Average diameter of electrospun Nafion fibers forming the scaffold mat (SEM-derived).
alternative label: fiber diameter

Nafion Fiber Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NafionFiberLoading QV
description: A parameter specifying Areal loading of Nafion fibers electrospun onto membrane surface (mass per geometric area).
alternative label: Nafion fiber loading level
alternative label: fiber loading level

Nafion Fiber Mat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a nafion fiber mat and produced in Electrospinning Deposition.
alternative label: Nafion fiber network
alternative label: Nafion fiber-coated membrane

Nafion Main Chain Mobility
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting mobility metric for Nafion main chain inferred from 19F NMR peak analysis; numeric values not explicitly stated in text for this paper.
alternative label: main-chain mobility
alternative label: main-chain mobility (19F NMR)

Nafion Side Chain Mobility
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NafionSideChainMobility QV
description: A property denoting nafion side chain mobility and determined in F 19 NMR Mobility Measurement.
alternative label: kHz^{-1}
alternative label: side-chain mobility
alternative label: side-chain mobility (19F NMR)

Nafion Side Chain Solubility Parameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NafionSideChainSolubilityParameter QV
hasQuantityValue: NafionSideChainSolubilityParameter QV 2
description: A property denoting nafion side chain solubility parameter.
alternative label: solubility parameter of Nafion side chain
alternative label: δ2
alternative label: δ2 (side chain)

Nafion Solution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PFSA ionomer solution drop-cast as a protective film on catalyst-coated glassy carbon.
alternative label: Nafion
alternative label: Nafion resin
alternative label: protective Nafion film

Nafion Solution Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NafionSolutionMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of commercial Nafion dispersion added to the ink (wt.% of total ink).
alternative label: Nafion resin solution wt.%
alternative label: Nafion solution (wt.%)

Nafion To Pt Mass Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NafionToPtMassRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of Nafion (ionomer) to Pt mass applied to Pt/VACNT prior to hot pressing.

Nanoparticle Mass Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NanoparticleMassConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying nanoparticle mass concentration used to characterize Analytical Centrifuge Sedimentation Measurement.
alternative label: g/L

Nanoscale Pore Size Max
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NanoscalePoreSizeMax QV
description: A property denoting upper bound of reported nm-scale pore size tunability range.
alternative label: nano-XCT pore size
alternative label: nm-scale pores max
alternative label: pore size max

Nanoscale Pore Size Min
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NanoscalePoreSizeMin QV
description: A property denoting lower bound of reported nm-scale pore size tunability range.
alternative label: FIB–SEM pore size range
alternative label: nm-scale pores min
alternative label: pore size min

Nb B 2 Support
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Non-carbon catalyst support material: NbB2 microparticles used for Pt deposition.

Needle Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NeedleDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying needle diameter used to characterize Solvent Property Measurement, Contact Angle Measurement, and Ink Extrusion Process.
alternative label: blunt needle diameter
alternative label: external diameter
alternative label: nozzle diameter

Neutron Scattering Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a neutron scattering instrument and used in Contrast Variation SANSUSANS Measurement.
alternative label: SANS instrument
alternative label: neutron scattering

Ni 3 Ni 2 Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: Ni3Ni2Ratio QV
description: A property denoting xPS-derived surface oxidation-state ratio for Ni.
alternative label: Ni3+/Ni2+

Ni AA Pyr Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PGM-free M-N-C catalyst synthesized from Ni nitrate + aminoantipyrine precursor via SSM.
alternative label: Ni-AAPyr

Ni Content Wt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NiContentWt QV
description: A property denoting nickel content in catalyst (wt.%), measured by ICP.
alternative label: Ni content
alternative label: wt.% Ni

Ni Fe 2 O 4 Nanostructure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Catalyst component: NiFe2O4 (nickel ferrite) nanostructure attached to MoS2 in hybrid.
alternative label: NiFe2O4

Ni Fraction In Ni Plus Mg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NiFractionInNiPlusMg QV
description: A property denoting molar fraction of Ni among divalent metals (nominal and experimental).
alternative label: Ni/(Ni+Mg)

Ni Mg Al Layered Double Hydroxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ternary layered double hydroxide precursor containing Ni2+, Mg2+, Al3+ (coprecipitated); used to form mixed-oxide catalysts after calcination.
alternative label: Ni(Mg)Al-LDH
alternative label: hydrotalcite phase
alternative label: layered double hydroxide

Ni Mg Al Mixed Oxide Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Mixed oxide catalyst obtained by calcination of Ni(Mg)Al-LDH at 600°C; reduced prior to furfural hydrogenation.
alternative label: Ni(Mg)AlOx
alternative label: NiMgAl mixed oxide

Ni O Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nickel(II) oxide powder feedstock used in blended oxide inks.
alternative label: NiO

Ni PB Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ni/P loaded biomimetic catalyst on porous alumina carrier (nominal Ni:P = 2).
alternative label: NiPB
alternative label: biomimetic catalyst loaded with nickel (Ni) and phosphorus (P)

Ni Plus Mg To Al Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NiPlusMgToAlMolarRatio QV
description: A property denoting molar ratio of total divalent metals to Al in LDH composition (nominal and experimental).
alternative label: (Ni+Mg)/Al

Ni Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Elemental nickel powder feedstock used in metal powder inks.
alternative label: Ni

Ni To P Atomic Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NiToPAtomicRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying nominal atomic ratio of Ni:P in NiPB catalyst preparation.
alternative label: Ni:P atomic ratio

Ni To SXRF Peak Area Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NiToSXRFPeakAreaRatio QV
description: A property denoting ni to SXRF peak area ratio and determined in Micro X Ray Fluorescence Measurement.
alternative label: Ni/S XRF peak area ratio
alternative label: Ni/S XRF ratio
alternative label: Ni:S XRF peak area ratio (aqueous ink)

Nickel Butanethiolate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nickel thiolate precursor (molecular ink)
alternative label: Ni butane thiolate

Nickel Cobaltite Spinel Ni Co 2 O 4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Bimetallic spinel oxide nanoplate electrocatalyst (best-performing sample)
alternative label: NiCo2O4
alternative label: nickel cobaltite

Nickel Foam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nickel foam used as cathode current collector/support.
alternative label: Ni-foam

Nickel Nitrate Hexahydrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nickel precursor salt used in wet co-impregnation.
alternative label: nickel nitrate

Nickel On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon-supported Ni catalyst used as anode catalyst for hydrazine oxidation.
alternative label: Ni/C
alternative label: nickel catalyst on carbon support

Nickel Oxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a nickel oxide.

Nickel Plate Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a nickel plate substrate.
alternative label: Ni substrate

Nickel Thiolate Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NickelThiolateMass QV
description: A parameter specifying mass of Ni-BT used in ink formulation.
alternative label: Ni-BT mass

Nitrocellulose Varnish
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for nitrocellulose varnish.

Nitrocellulose Varnish Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NitrocelluloseVarnishMass QV
description: A parameter specifying nitrocellulose varnish mass used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: Nitrocellulose varnish
alternative label: varnish mass

Nitrogen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a nitrogen and used as an input in MEAPolarization, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement.
alternative label: liquid nitrogen
alternative label: nitrogen atmosphere
alternative label: pure nitrogen

Nitrogen Adsorption Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for N2 adsorption/desorption (surface area and pore analysis).
alternative label: N2 adsorption analyzer
alternative label: SURFER volumetric sorption analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific)

Nitrogen Doped Graphene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a nitrogen doped graphene and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.

Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Dioxide
hasInputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Nitrogen
hasInputMaterial: Pt Ketjen Black Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasOutputData: Pore Size Distribution Dataset
hasParameter: Sample Mass
hasParameter: Vacuum Pressure
measures: Average Pore Diameter
measures: Average Pore Size
measures: BET Surface Area Nitrogen
measures: Micropore Volume
measures: Pore Size Distribution
measures: Pore Size Distribution Peak Diameter
measures: Pore Surface Area Fraction Below 20 nm
measures: Primary Agglomerate Pore Size
measures: QSDFT Surface Area Nitrogen
measures: Total Pore Volume
usesInstrument: BET Analyzer
usesInstrument: BET Surface Analyzer
usesInstrument: Gas Adsorption Analyzer
usesInstrument: Gas Sorption Analyzer
usesInstrument: Nitrogen Adsorption Analyzer
description: Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K to determine BET surface area and pore volume distribution (QSDFT).
alternative label: BET measurement
alternative label: BET surface area measurement
alternative label: nitrogen physisorption

Nitrogen Source Volumetric Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NitrogenSourceVolumetricFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying volumetric flow rate of nitrogen-source bubbling stream (TPA-Ac mixture).

Nitrogen Volumetric Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NitrogenVolumetricFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying nitrogen volumetric flow rate used to characterize Cyclic Voltammetry and Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.
alternative label: flow rate
alternative label: nitrogen flow
alternative label: nitrogen flow rate

Non Imprinted Polymer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Control polymer (no imprinting cavities) grafted onto catalyst.
alternative label: NIP

Non Pt Catalyst Volumetric Activity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NonPtCatalystVolumetricActivity QV
description: A property denoting non pt catalyst volumetric activity and determined in Review Statement Extraction.
alternative label: Non-Pt cataystactivity per volumod titneded
alternative label: non-Pt catalyst activity per volume

Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A data resource used to represent nonlinear autoregressive neural network model.
alternative label: non-linear autoregressive neural network

Nordson EFD 781 Nozzle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Spray nozzle used for robotic spray coating of inks.

Normalized Energy Recovery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NormalizedEnergyRecovery QV
description: A property denoting energy recovered per treated wastewater volume (kWh per m^3).
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: MFC-CIFe
alternative label: NER

Normalized Polymer Force Factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NormalizedPolymerForceFactor QV
description: A parameter specifying normalized polymer force factor used to characterize Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation.
alternative label: normalized polymer force

Normalized Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NormalizedResistance QV
description: A property denoting resistance of Cu interconnect normalized to initial resistance before bending test.
alternative label: R/R0

Notched Izod Impact Toughness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NotchedIzodImpactToughness QV
description: A property denoting notched Izod impact toughness of ToughPoint resin (J/m).
alternative label: notched Izod impact

Nozzle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Dispensing nozzle/tip used in DIW, characterized by an internal diameter.
alternative label: dispensing nozzle
alternative label: nozzle tip
alternative label: tapered nozzle

Nozzle Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying nozzle diameter used to characterize Spray Coating, Direct Ink Writing, and Inkjet Printing Process.
alternative label: dispense tip internal diameter
alternative label: internal diameter
alternative label: nozzle inner diameter

Nozzle To Substrate Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NozzleToSubstrateDistance QV
description: A parameter specifying distance/height of spray nozzle relative to substrate during coating.
alternative label: spray distance
alternative label: standoff distance

Number Average Molecular Weight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: NumberAverageMolecularWeight QV
description: A property denoting number-average molecular weight (Mn) of polymer.
alternative label: Mn

Number Of Cells
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NumberOfCells QV
description: A parameter specifying count of cells in the tested fuel cell stack (e.g., 47, 5, 96).

Number Of Cycles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NumberOfCycles QV
description: A parameter specifying number of voltage cycles in a protocol (count).
alternative label: CV cycles
alternative label: durability cycles
alternative label: potential cycles

Number Of Spray Passes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: NumberOfSprayPasses QV
description: A parameter specifying number of spray passes used to build up coating thickness.
alternative label: number of passes
alternative label: number of spraying cycles
alternative label: spray passes

O 1 s Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: O1sAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of oxygen (from O 1s signal) measured by XPS.
alternative label: O atomic percent
alternative label: oxygen atomic percent

O2–N2 Switching Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Solvent Type
measures: Local Oxygen Transport Resistance
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Gas Humidification Unit
description: A measurement process that uses O2–N2 switching measurement to determine Local Oxygen Transport Resistance using Fuel Cell Test Station and Gas Humidification Unit and generating Experiment Dataset.
alternative label: O2–N2 switching

OER Performance Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset containing OER performance metrics (current density vs potential, overpotential, Tafel slope).
alternative label: OER activity dataset
alternative label: OER performance

ORR Performance Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Electrochemical ORR activity and stability data for SG-Fe compared with Pt/C in 0.1 M KOH.

Octane Adsorption BET Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: BET Surface Area Octane Adsorption
usesInstrument: Gas Sorption Analyzer
description: A measurement process that uses octane adsorption BET measurement to determine BET Surface Area Octane Adsorption using Gas Sorption Analyzer.
alternative label: BET
alternative label: octane adsorption

Ohmic Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OhmicResistance QV
description: A property denoting ohmic resistance and determined in Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement, MEAPolarization, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: HFR
alternative label: R_HFR
alternative label: high frequency resistance

Ohmic Resistance Increase Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OhmicResistanceIncreasePercent QV
description: A property denoting ohmic resistance increase percent.
alternative label: HFR increased cell resistance

Ohmic Resistance Reduction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OhmicResistanceReductionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent reduction of ohmic/HFR during activation compared to initial state.

Oleic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Long-chain ligand on as-synthesized CQDs; replaced during ligand exchange.
alternative label: OA

Oleic Acid Capped Quantum Dot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Native-ligand (oleic acid) capped QDs before ligand exchange.
alternative label: oleic acid (OA) capped CQD
alternative label: oleic acid-capped QDs

Oleic Acid Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OleicAcidMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting oleic acid mass fraction and determined in Gas Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Oleic fatty acid%

Olympus LEXTOLS 5000
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: 3D laser scanning confocal microscope used for surface roughness scans.

Onset Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting onset potential and determined in Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Linear Sweep Voltammetry.
alternative label: E_onset
alternative label: Eon
alternative label: potential onset

Open Circuit Voltage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OpenCircuitVoltage QV
description: A property denoting open circuit voltage and determined in MEAPolarization, Linear Sweep Voltammetry, and Microbial Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement.
alternative label: E
alternative label: OCP
alternative label: OCV

Open Porosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OpenPorosity QV
description: A property denoting open (connected) porosity of printed lattice body.
alternative label: open porosity values

Operating Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OperatingTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying operating temperature used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement.
alternative label: K
alternative label: cell temperature
alternative label: cell-operating temperature

Operating Voltage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OperatingVoltage QV
description: A parameter specifying device operating voltage during optical measurement.
alternative label: OV
alternative label: measurement voltage
alternative label: operating at 4.0 voltages (V)

Optical Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OpticalDensity QV
description: A property denoting optical density setting used during PL/QY measurements (dimensionless).
alternative label: O.D.

Optical Microscope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Optical microscope used to observe macroscopic printed structures.
alternative label: digital optical microscope
alternative label: optical imaging device

Optical Microscopy Imaging Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Printed Grid Structure
hasOutputData: Microstructure Image Dataset
hasParameter: Cryo Ultramicrotome Temperature
measures: Printed Line Width
measures: Roughness Factor
usesInstrument: Optical Microscope
description: Optical microscopy imaging used to observe macroscopic structure of printed grids.
alternative label: optical micrographs
alternative label: optical microscopy
alternative label: optical microscopy images

Optical Surface Profile Thickness Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
usesInstrument: Optical Surface Profiler
description: Thickness measurement using super depth surface profile measurement microscope (optical profilometry-like).
alternative label: surface profile microscope

Optical Surface Profiler
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an optical surface profiler and used in Optical Surface Profile Thickness Measurement.
alternative label: KEYENCE VK-8550 Super Depth Surface Profile Measurement Microscope

Optical Transmittance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OpticalTransmittance QV
description: A property denoting optical transmittance of CCM (percent) used as proxy for catalyst-layer surface coverage.

Optical Transmittance Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
measures: Optical Transmittance
usesInstrument: UV Vis NIR Spectrophotometer
description: Measurement of CCM optical transmittance (400–700 nm) to quantify catalyst-layer surface coverage.
alternative label: optical transmittance analysis

Orange Peel Activated Carbon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Activated carbon synthesized from orange peels via H3PO4 chemical activation and pyrolysis; used as electrode material and catalyst support.
alternative label: OP-AC
alternative label: orange peel derived activated carbon

Organic Flow Battery Polarization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Current Density
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
measures: Open Circuit Voltage
measures: Peak Power Density
measures: Power Density
usesInstrument: Battery Analyzer
usesInstrument: Diaphragm Pump
description: A measurement process that uses organic flow battery polarization measurement to determine Power Density, Peak Power Density, and Open Circuit Voltage using Battery Analyzer and Diaphragm Pump and generating Polarization Curve Dataset.
alternative label: polarization measurement

Organic Solvent To Water Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OrganicSolventToWaterVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying Volume ratio of organic solvent to water in the ink dispersion medium (v/v).

Other Fatty Acids Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OtherFattyAcidsMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting other fatty acids mass fraction and determined in Gas Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: other fatty acid%

Oven
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an oven and used in Catalyst Impregnation, Convection Drying, and Vacuum Drying.
alternative label: convection oven
alternative label: forced convection oven
alternative label: vacuum oven

Overpotential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting overpotential and determined in MEAPolarization, Linear Sweep Voltammetry, and Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: ΔV
alternative label: ΔV_peak2
alternative label: ΔV_peak3

Oxidative Stability Residual Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxidativeStabilityResidualWeightPercent QV
description: A property denoting residual weight (%) after Fenton reagent exposure (80°C, 1 h).
alternative label: oxidative stability
alternative label: residual weight

Oxide Powder Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PowderInk formulated with oxide powders (Fe2O3, NiO, MoO3) that are reduced in H2 during heat treatment.
alternative label: blended oxide ink
alternative label: oxide-based ink

Oxirane Content
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxiraneContent QV
description: A property denoting oxirane content and determined in Epoxy Equivalent Titration Measurement.

Oxygen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to an oxygen and used as an input in MEAPolarization, Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, and Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: oxygen gas
alternative label: oxygen-saturated electrolyte
alternative label: pure oxygen

Oxygen Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxygenAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting oxygen atomic percent and determined in X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Measurement.

Oxygen Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxygenConcentration QV
description: A property denoting oxygen concentration and determined in PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: C_O2

Oxygen Concentration Time Series Data
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A data resource used to represent oxygen concentration time series data generated by In Plane Effective Diffusivity Measurement.
alternative label: oxygen concentration vs time

Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient In Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OxygenDiffusionCoefficientInIonomer QV
description: A parameter specifying oxygen diffusion coefficient in ionomer used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation and Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: Dionomer
alternative label: diffusion coeff cient of O2 in ionomer
alternative label: oxygen diffusivity

Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Local Oxygen Transport Resistance Dataset
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Relative Humidity Operation
hasParameter: Solvent Type
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Local Gas Transport Resistance
measures: Local Oxygen Transport Resistance
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
usesInstrument: Gas Humidification Unit
description: A measurement process that uses oxygen Gain/Loss measurement to determine Local Oxygen Transport Resistance, Limiting Current Density, and Local Gas Transport Resistance using Fuel Cell Test Station and Gas Humidification Unit and generating Experiment Dataset and Local Oxygen Transport Resistance Dataset.
alternative label: oxygen gain/loss

Oxygen Mean Free Path Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxygenMeanFreePathLength QV
description: A property denoting mean free path length of O2 under PEFC operating conditions (used to justify Knudsen diffusion).
alternative label: mean free path length

Oxygen Partial Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OxygenPartialPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying oxygen partial pressure at cathode (e.g., 21 kPa for polarization; 0.95 kPa for diluted-O2 limiting current tests).
alternative label: O2 partial pressure
alternative label: pO2

Oxygen Permeability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxygenPermeability QV
description: A property denoting gas permeability of polymer film to O2 (Barrer).
alternative label: O2 permeability
alternative label: O₂ permeability
alternative label: P_O2

Oxygen Permeability Factor Vs Nafion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxygenPermeabilityFactorVsNafion QV
description: A property denoting oxygen permeability factor vs nafion.
alternative label: O2 permeability factor
alternative label: oxygen permeability four times higher

Oxygen Plasma Treatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Thermanox Substrate
description: Surface treatment of substrates (e.g., thermanox) with oxygen plasma to improve ink adhesion/wetting prior to coating/printing.
alternative label: oxygen plasma

Oxygen Solubility Factor Vs Nafion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: OxygenSolubilityFactorVsNafion QV
description: A property denoting oxygen solubility factor vs nafion and determined in Molecular Dynamics Simulation.
alternative label: O2 solubility factor
alternative label: oxygen solubility 2–3 times higher
alternative label: oxygen solubility in ionomer

Oxygen Solubility In Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OxygenSolubilityInIonomer QV
description: A parameter specifying oxygen solubility in ionomer.
alternative label: oxygen solubility

Oxygen Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OxygenVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying oxygen volume fraction in cathode feed gas during limiting-current measurements (0.5–2 vol.% O2 in N2).
alternative label: O2 mole fraction
alternative label: oxygen mass fraction in gas channel
alternative label: oxygen mole fraction

Oxygen Volume Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: OxygenVolumePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying oxygen concentration in cathode gas mixture for limiting current tests (vol.%).
alternative label: x_O2

PAAPVA Hydrogel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Thermally cross-linked PAA/PVA polymer network used as hydrogel electrolyte scaffold.

PAG 169 Weight Percent In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PAG169WeightPercentInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying photo-acid generator mass fraction in formulation.

PBI 11
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific PBI fraction used as catalyst binder (nominal Mw=1.10×10^4 g/mol).

PBI 174
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific PBI fraction used as catalyst binder (nominal Mw=17.4×10^4 g/mol).

PBI 46
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific PBI fraction used as catalyst binder (nominal Mw=4.64×10^4 g/mol).

PBI 90
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific PBI fraction used as catalyst binder (nominal Mw=9.00×10^4 g/mol).

PDL
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Biocompatible elastomeric copolymer (poly(ω-pentadecalactone-co-e-decalactone)) forming the ink matrix and cured polymer substrate.
alternative label: PDL-DL 30

PDL Ag NW Composite Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Composite electronic ink consisting of PDL + AgNW dispersion in THF/ethanol; used for spin-coated electrodes and DIW-printed sensors.
alternative label: PDL/AgNW composite
alternative label: PDL/AgNW ink
alternative label: electronic ink

PDMS Base To Catalyst Weight Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PDMSBaseToCatalystWeightRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying PDMS base to catalyst weight ratio used to characterize Ink Formulation Specification Measurement.
alternative label: base-to-catalyst ratio
alternative label: base:catalyst ratio
alternative label: weight ratio 10:1

PEG Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PEGWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying pEG content expressed as wt.% of dry geopolymer lattice formulation.

PEMFCCFD Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Flow Channel
hasOutputData: Polarization Curve Dataset
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Cell Length
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Cell Width
hasParameter: Charge Transfer Coefficient
hasParameter: Concentration Exponent
hasParameter: Effective Ionic Conductivity
hasParameter: Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
hasParameter: Exchange Coefficient
hasParameter: Flow Channel Height
hasParameter: Flow Channel Width
hasParameter: Gas Diffusion Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Gas Diffusion Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Mass Flow Rate
hasParameter: Membrane Thickness
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient In Ionomer
hasParameter: Reference Concentration
hasParameter: Reference Current Density
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
measures: Current Density Per Pt Surface Area
measures: Low Activity Pt Particle Fraction
measures: Oxygen Concentration
measures: Pt Utilization Relative Increase
usesInstrument: Ansys Fluent Fuel Cell Module
usesInstrument: Comsol Multiphysics
description: A measurement process that uses PEMFCCFD simulation to determine Oxygen Concentration, Current Density Per Pt Surface Area, and Low Activity Pt Particle Fraction using Ansys Fluent Fuel Cell Module and Comsol Multiphysics and generating Polarization Curve Dataset.
alternative label: Ansys simulation
alternative label: CFD simulation
alternative label: Direct numerical simulations (DNS) in Comsol

PESPVP Composite Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a PESPVP composite membrane and used as an input in Phosphoric Acid Doping and Membrane Swelling Measurement.
alternative label: PES–PVP membrane

PET Nonwoven
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) nonwoven reinforcement used to form composite membrane.
alternative label: PET nonwoven matrix

PET Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) flexible polymer substrate on which Pd ink is printed and Cu is electrolessly deposited.
alternative label: flexible PET sheet

PFSA Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer used as binder/proton conductor.
alternative label: PFSA
alternative label: perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer
alternative label: short side chain PFSA

PGM On Support Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PGMOnSupportWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying pGM-on-support weight percent (SOTA table).
alternative label: PGM-on-support
alternative label: wt% PGM-on-support

PIM 1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: polymer binder used in HT-PEMFC cathode catalyst layer.

PIMAO
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: polymer binder used in HT-PEMFC cathode catalyst layer.

PIMCONH 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: polymer binder used in HT-PEMFC cathode catalyst layer.

PIMCOOH
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: polymer binder used in HT-PEMFC cathode catalyst layer.

PIM Tz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: polymer binder used in HT-PEMFC cathode catalyst layer.

PLGA
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polymeric binder used in printing inks.
alternative label: PLGA (82:18)

POSS Content Relative To Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: POSSContentRelativeToIonomer QV
description: A parameter specifying mass percent of POSS additive relative to Nafion ionomer mass in cathode catalyst layer (CCL).
alternative label: P0
alternative label: P5
alternative label: POSS mass content

PTFE Loading Fraction Of Solids
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PTFELoadingFractionOfSolids QV
description: A parameter specifying PTFE loading fraction of solids used to characterize Ink Composition Specification and Ink Recipe Definition.
alternative label: HL
alternative label: PTFE loading
alternative label: PTFE loading (wt.% of solids)

PTFE Polymer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: polymer binder used in HT-PEMFC cathode catalyst layer.
alternative label: PTFE
alternative label: PTFE substrate film
alternative label: polytetrafluoroethylene

PTFE Suspension 60 wt Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Commercial PTFE aqueous suspension (nominally 60 wt.% PTFE; Chemours DISP 30) used in ink formulation.

Palladium Chloride
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Palladium precursor salt used to generate Pd nanoparticles in the catalyst ink.
alternative label: palladium(II) chloride

Palladium Chloride Concentration Ppm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PalladiumChlorideConcentrationPpm QV
description: A parameter specifying palladium chloride concentration ppm used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: ppm Pd
alternative label: ppm PdCl2

Palladium Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PalladiumMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying approximate Pd mass fraction in the water-borne inks.

Palladium Nanoparticles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Palladium nanoparticles self-reduced and stabilized by St-co-DMAEMA oligomer; act as catalytic activation sites for electroless copper.
alternative label: Pd nanoparticles

Palmitic Acid Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PalmiticAcidMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting palmitic acid mass fraction and determined in Gas Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Palmitic fatty acid%

Particle Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ParticleDensity QV
description: A parameter specifying density of IrO2 particles used to estimate particle volume fraction.
alternative label: IrO2 particle density
alternative label: true density
alternative label: ρ_p

Particle Length
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticleLength QV
description: A property denoting particle length and determined in Electron Microscopy Imaging and Ultra Small Angle X Ray Scattering Measurement.
alternative label: rod length

Particle Size D 10
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticleSizeD10 QV
description: A property denoting 10th percentile of particle size distribution from DLS (D10).
alternative label: D10

Particle Size D 50
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticleSizeD50 QV
description: A property denoting 50th percentile (median) of particle size distribution from DLS (D50).
alternative label: D50
alternative label: D_V50
alternative label: median particle size

Particle Size D 90
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticleSizeD90 QV
description: A property denoting 90th percentile of particle size distribution from DLS (D90).
alternative label: D90

Particle Size Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Hydrodynamic Diameter
measures: Mean Particle Size
usesInstrument: DLS Instrument
description: Measurement of ZrB2 powder particle size (as-received and after milling).
alternative label: laser diffraction particle size analysis
alternative label: particle size
alternative label: particle size analyzer measurement

Particle Size Span
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticleSizeSpan QV
description: A property denoting Span of DLS size distribution: (D90 - D10) / D50.
alternative label: Span

Particle Volume Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticleVolumeConcentration QV
description: A property denoting particle volume concentration of ink samples used in DLS dilution study.
alternative label: particle concentration
alternative label: solid volume concentration
alternative label: vol.%

Particle Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ParticleVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying estimated particle volume fraction of IrO2 dispersions based on mass fraction and densities.
alternative label: catalyst (including support) volume fraction
alternative label: ε_cat
alternative label: φ_Pt/C

Particle Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticleWidth QV
description: A property denoting width of rodlike particles/aggregates (reported for some TEM/cryo-TEM observations).
alternative label: rod width

Particles Per Agglomerate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ParticlesPerAgglomerate QV
description: A property denoting number of primary particles per agglomerate (mentioned as an ink-stage descriptor; no numeric values in this source).
alternative label: # particles /agglomerate

Pattern Surface Coverage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PatternSurfaceCoverage QV
description: A property denoting pattern surface coverage and determined in Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement.
alternative label: surface coverage

Pb S Quantum Dot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PbS colloidal quantum dot absorber material discussed throughout the review.
alternative label: PbS colloidal quantum dot
alternative label: lead sulfide quantum dot

Pd Nanoparticle Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PdNanoparticleDiameter QV
description: A property denoting pd nanoparticle diameter and determined in Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging.
alternative label: diameter of Pd nanoparticles

Pd On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a pd on carbon catalyst and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.

Peak Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting peak current and determined in Square Wave Voltammetry.

Peak Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting peak potential and determined in Square Wave Voltammetry, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry.
alternative label: CO stripping peak position
alternative label: CO stripping peak potential
alternative label: stripping potential

Peak Power Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PeakPowerDensity QV
hasQuantityValue: PeakPowerDensity QV 2
normalizedTo: Catalyst Mass
description: A property denoting maximum (peak) power density extracted from polarization curve.
alternative label: Pmax
alternative label: maximum power density
alternative label: power peak

Peak To Peak Separation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PeakToPeakSeparation QV
description: A property denoting peak-to-peak potential separation in CV, used as a criterion for catalytic activity/reversibility in I3-/I- redox.
alternative label: Epp

Pellet Annealing Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PelletAnnealingTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying annealing temperature for compressed pellet prior to Hall testing.

Pellet Annealing Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PelletAnnealingTime QV
description: A parameter specifying annealing duration for compressed pellet prior to Hall testing.

Pellet Compression Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasOutputMaterial: Biomass Derived Few Layer Graphene Flakes
description: Compression of graphene film into pellet to improve conductivity.
alternative label: compressed pellet

Pemion HNN 8
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Commercial hydrocarbon ionomer used in electrodes for performance analysis; no exact term found in ontology.
alternative label: HNN8

Pemion PP 1 HNN 4 00 X
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for pemion PP 1 HNN 4 00 X.
alternative label: HNN4

Pemion PP 1 HNN 9 00 X
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for pemion PP 1 HNN 9 00 X.
alternative label: HNN9

Perchloric Acid Electrolyte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aqueous perchloric acid electrolyte used for CV and CO-stripping in the three-electrode cell.
alternative label: HClO4 electrolyte

Performance Benefit Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PerformanceBenefitPercent QV
description: A property denoting reported percent performance benefit (e.g., power density increase) from a pretreatment/activation step.

Peristaltic Pump
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Pump used to feed liquid methanol solution to anode at fixed flow rate.
alternative label: low flow rate peristaltic pump
alternative label: precise pump

Peroxide Yield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting peroxide yield and determined in Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry.
alternative label: H2O2 yield
alternative label: hydrogen peroxide yield

Petroleum Benzene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Solvent used in preparation of conductive ink.

Phase Transition Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhaseTransitionTemperature QV
description: A property denoting phase transition temperature and determined in Differential Scanning Calorimetry Measurement.
alternative label: β→α phase transition
alternative label: β→α transition temperature

Phosphate Buffered Saline
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Physiological saline buffer used during long-term cyclic straining tests and/or sample handling.
alternative label: PBS

Phosphoric Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: phosphoric acid used for membrane doping and present in cathode CL; can poison Pt in HT-PEMFC.
alternative label: orthophosphoric acid

Phosphoric Acid Adsorption Energy On Pt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhosphoricAcidAdsorptionEnergyOnPt QV
description: A property denoting computed adsorption energy of phosphoric acid on Pt surface (DFT).
alternative label: PA adsorption energy on Pt
alternative label: PA adsorption energy on Pt surface
alternative label: adsorption energy (PA on Pt)

Phosphoric Acid Binding Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhosphoricAcidBindingEnergy QV
description: A property denoting computed binding energy between phosphoric acid and polymer repeat unit (DFT).
alternative label: E_PA-binding
alternative label: PA binding energy

Phosphoric Acid Doped PESPVP Composite Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PES–PVP based membrane after phosphoric acid (PA) doping for HT-PEMFC use.
alternative label: PA doped membrane
alternative label: PA/PES–PVP membrane

Phosphoric Acid Doping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: PESPVP Composite Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Phosphoric Acid
hasInputMaterial: Polybenzimidazole
hasOutputMaterial: Phosphoric Acid Doped PESPVP Composite Membrane
hasParameter: Drying Time
hasParameter: Phosphoric Acid Weight Percent
description: Doping of electrodes/membrane with phosphoric acid (2 M electrode doping; membrane doped in ~11 M H3PO4).
alternative label: PA-doped PBI membrane
alternative label: acid doped
alternative label: doped with phosphoric acid

Phosphoric Acid Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PhosphoricAcidLoading QV
description: A parameter specifying areal loading of phosphoric acid added to cathode CL (mg/cm2).
alternative label: H3PO4 loading in CL
alternative label: PA loading

Phosphoric Acid Protonated Polybenzimidazole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Protonated N-substituted PBI using phosphoric acid (paper's 'PBI-P'), used as catalyst binder.
alternative label: phosphoric acid protonated PBI

Phosphoric Acid Saturation In Cracks
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhosphoricAcidSaturationInCracks QV
description: A property denoting proposed_new_term. paper_context: Volume fraction (%) of phosphoric acid filling catalyst-layer cracks for a given crack-width category.
alternative label: PA content in cracks
alternative label: acid saturation in cracks
alternative label: crack flooding saturation

Phosphoric Acid Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PhosphoricAcidWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying phosphoric acid aqueous solution concentration used for doping (10 wt% for GDE/CL; 85 wt% for membrane).

Photo Acid Generator PAG 169
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photo-acid generator used to catalyze SU-8 crosslinking and QD–polymer interactions.
alternative label: Irgacure PAG 169
alternative label: photo-acid generator

Photocatalytic Degradation Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Hydrogen Peroxide
hasInputMaterial: Methylene Blue
hasInputMaterial: Rhodamine B
hasOutputData: Photodegradation Dataset
hasParameter: Dye Concentration
hasParameter: Hydrogen Peroxide Volume
hasParameter: Irradiation Time
hasParameter: Lamp To Sample Distance
hasParameter: Light Source Power
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Solution Volume
hasParameter: Wavelength Cutoff
measures: Photodegradation Efficiency
measures: Pseudo First Order Rate Constant
usesInstrument: UV Vis NIR Spectrophotometer
usesInstrument: UV Visible Spectrophotometer
usesInstrument: Visible Light Lamp
usesInstrument: Xenon Lamp
description: Photocatalytic activity measurement tracking pollutant (RhB) degradation under visible light over time.
alternative label: photocatalytic degradation

Photocurable DIW Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Viscous DIW ink (GMA/Ebecryl 8804 + additives) photocured after printing.
alternative label: photocurable ink (DIW)

Photodegradation Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset containing RhB concentration/degradation vs irradiation time and kinetic analysis.
alternative label: photodegradation data

Photodegradation Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhotodegradationEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting percent degradation of Rhodamine B concentration after irradiation time (typically 90 min).
alternative label: decomposition efficiency
alternative label: degradation efficiency
alternative label: discoloration efficiency

Photoinitiator 184
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photoinitiator component in the mixed photoinitiator system for UV curing.

Photoinitiator TPOL
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photoinitiator component in the mixed photoinitiator system for UV curing.
alternative label: TPO-L

Photolithography Patterning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Quantum Dot Photoresist
hasParameter: Spin Coating Speed
hasParameter: UV Exposure Time
description: UV lithography process applied to QD photoresists for micropatterns.
alternative label: photolithographic patterning

Photoluminescence Decay Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhotoluminescenceDecayTime QV
description: A property denoting time constant(s) from time-resolved PL decay curves (ns).
alternative label: PL decay time
alternative label: decay time 3.6 ns
alternative label: decay time 8.7 ns

Photoluminescence Quantum Yield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhotoluminescenceQuantumYield QV
description: A property denoting photoluminescence quantum yield; monitored during ligand exchange and thermal stability testing.
alternative label: QY
alternative label: absolute quantum yield
alternative label: quantum yield

Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Wavelength
description: Optical spectroscopy measurement of photoluminescence (spectrum) referenced in the review.
alternative label: photoluminescence spectra

Photopolymer Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Generic photocurable resin used for DLP printing (matrix materials).
alternative label: photocurable resin

Photovoltaic JV Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: JV Performance Dataset
measures: Fill Factor
measures: Open Circuit Voltage
measures: Power Conversion Efficiency
measures: Short Circuit Current Density
usesInstrument: Solar Simulator IV Tester
description: Photovoltaic current-voltage measurement under illumination used to derive PCE, Voc, Jsc, FF.

Physical Properties Table 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A data resource used to represent physical properties table 2.

Physical Surface Area Pt Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PhysicalSurfaceAreaPtCatalyst QV
description: A property denoting physical Pt surface area of Pt/C catalyst used to normalize ECSA for Pt utilization (cm2 mg_Pt^-1).
alternative label: Pt catalytic surface area
alternative label: Pt physical surface area
alternative label: physical surface area

Pigment Cyan 153
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for pigment cyan 153.
alternative label: Cyan 15:3 pigment

Pigment Cyan 153 Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PigmentCyan153Mass QV
description: A parameter specifying pigment cyan 153 mass used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: Pigment Cyan 15:3
alternative label: pigment mass

Pillar Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting height of an individual printed pillar (controlled by extruded volume and motion profile).

Piston Displacement A 1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PistonDisplacementA1 QV
description: A parameter specifying downward piston displacement used to extrude a required ink volume per pillar.
alternative label: extrusion piston displacement
alternative label: ΔA1

Piston Displacement A 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PistonDisplacementA2 QV
description: A parameter specifying upward piston displacement used to halt ink flow immediately after pillar stretching.
alternative label: retraction piston displacement
alternative label: ΔA2

Planetary Centrifugal Mixer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Mixer used for mixing and degassing inks before bead milling.

Planetary Mixer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Planetary mixer used to disperse powders and homogenize suspensions.
alternative label: Thinky ARV-310LED planetary vacuum mixer
alternative label: Thinky-AR100 centrifugal ball milling mixer
alternative label: planetary mixer/deaerator

Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
usesInstrument: Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System
description: VACNT growth on Al foil via plasma-enhanced CVD (H2 plasma + C2H4 feed).
alternative label: PECVD
alternative label: Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: PECVD reactor for VACNT growth (instrument/system).

Plasma Etching
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Process for surface modification/patterning of PEM using plasma etching (used to increase roughness / interfacial area).
alternative label: plasma-etched Nafion

Plasmon Peak Wavelength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PlasmonPeakWavelength QV
description: A property denoting plasmon peak wavelength and determined in UV Visible Spectroscopy Measurement.

Plasticizer ATBC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for plasticizer ATBC.
alternative label: ATBC

Plasticizer ATBC Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PlasticizerATBCMass QV
description: A parameter specifying plasticizer ATBC mass used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: ATBC mass
alternative label: Plasticizer (ATBC)

Plate Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PlateDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying diameter of rheometer parallel plates used in tests.
alternative label: parallel plate diameter

Plateau Loss Modulus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PlateauLossModulus QV
description: A property denoting plateau (low-strain) loss modulus used together with G0′ to determine rheological percolation threshold.
alternative label: G0″

Plateau Storage Modulus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PlateauStorageModulus QV
description: A property denoting plateau (low-strain) storage modulus extrapolated from 0.01–0.03% strain data.
alternative label: G0′

Platinum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Platinum counter electrode used in 3-electrode configuration.
alternative label: Pt plate

Platinum Black Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Unsupported platinum catalyst (metal black) used for DMFC cathode catalyst layers.
alternative label: cathode catalyst
alternative label: platinum black (ETEK)

Platinum Coated Glass Slide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Glass slide sputter-coated with Pt film (10 nm) used as working electrode substrate for electrochemical measurements.
alternative label: Pt-coated glass slide

Platinum Weight Percent In Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PlatinumWeightPercentInCatalyst QV
description: A property denoting platinum weight percent in catalyst.

Platinum Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PlatinumWeightPercentInCatalystLayer QV
description: A property denoting eDS-reported normalized platinum concentration in catalyst layer (wt.%).
alternative label: Pt

Platinum Wire Counter Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a platinum wire counter electrode and used in Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: Pt wire counter electrode

Pneumatic Dispenser
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Controls pneumatic-driven extrusion pressure for DIW inks.
alternative label: high-precision dispenser (Ultimus V)

Pneumatic Jack
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a pneumatic jack and used in Through Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement.

Polarization Curve Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Polarization curves (U-I / I-V) measured at different RH and degradation states.
alternative label: I-V curve dataset
alternative label: IV curve data
alternative label: polarization curve data

Polarization Curve Fitting
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Exchange Current Density
measures: Internal Current Density
measures: Mass Transport Loss Parameter M
measures: Mass Transport Loss Parameter N
measures: Model Fit R 2
measures: Ohmic Resistance
description: Empirical fitting of polarization curves using Eq. (1) to extract i0, i_n, r, m, n.
alternative label: Eq. (1) fitting

Polarization Point Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolarizationPointDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying dwell time per polarization curve point.

Polarization Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PolarizationResistance QV
description: A property denoting resistance associated with polarization (semi-circle diameter / fitted circuit), includes charge transfer and diffusion contributions per authors.
alternative label: Rp

Poly Acrylic Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydrocarbon polymer scaffold component of the PAA/PVA hydrogel electrolyte.
alternative label: PAA

Poly Acrylic Acid Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolyAcrylicAcidMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying poly acrylic acid mass fraction in ink.
alternative label: PAA wt.% in ink

Poly L Lysine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Surface coating to promote cell adhesion during cytocompatibility assays.
alternative label: poly-L-lysine (PLL)

Poly Vinyl Alcohol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydrocarbon polymer scaffold component of the PAA/PVA hydrogel electrolyte.
alternative label: PVA

Polybenzimidazole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polybenzimidazole polymer binder/ionomer used in HT-PEMFC electrodes (not PFSA).

Polycarbosilane Preceramic Polymer SMP 10
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: SiC-yielding preceramic polymer (Starfire Systems SMP-10) used as ink binder/matrix precursor.
alternative label: SMP-10

Polydimethylsiloxane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a polydimethylsiloxane and used as an input in Rheology Measurement and Selective Coaxial Ink 3 D Printing.

Polydispersity Index
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PolydispersityIndex QV
description: A property denoting dimensionless index from DLS describing breadth of size distribution; not present as named Property in ontology.
alternative label: Mw/Mn
alternative label: PD index
alternative label: PDI

Polyethersulfone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polymer blended with PVP to form membrane matrix.
alternative label: polyethersulfone (PES)

Polyethylene Glycol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a polyethylene glycol and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation and Solvent Property Measurement.

Polyethylene Glycol 1000
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polyethylene glycol (MW ~1000) used as rheological agent in geopolymer ink.
alternative label: PEG 1000

Polyethylene Oxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a polyethylene oxide.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabric
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Base polymer textile substrate (PET fabric) used for surface modification and printing.
alternative label: PET fabric
alternative label: polyester fabric
alternative label: polyethylene terephthalate

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydrophobic cage-structured nanofiller added to cathode catalyst layer; varied at 0–20 wt% relative to Nafion ionomer in CCL.

Polymer Characterization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Number Average Molecular Weight
measures: Polymer P Ka
description: A measurement process that uses polymer characterization measurement to determine Number Average Molecular Weight and Polymer P Ka.
alternative label: polymer characterization

Polymer Force Exponential Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolymerForceExponentialCoefficient QV
description: A parameter specifying polymer force exponential coefficient used to characterize Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation.
alternative label: k2^(polymer)

Polymer Force Proportionality Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolymerForceProportionalityConstant QV
description: A parameter specifying polymer force proportionality constant used to characterize Discrete Element Method Packing Simulation.
alternative label: k1^(polymer)

Polymer Interaction Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolymerInteractionDistance QV
description: A parameter specifying polymer interaction distance.
alternative label: L^(polymer)

Polymer Mass Loss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PolymerMassLoss QV
description: A property denoting mass loss attributed to grafted polymer decomposition in TGA.
alternative label: mass loss
alternative label: mass loss (TGA)
alternative label: weight loss

Polymer P Ka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PolymerPKa QV
description: A property denoting acid dissociation constant (pKa) of polymer functional group (dimensionless).
alternative label: pKa

Polymer Solution Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolymerSolutionConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying concentration of PDL dissolved in THF during ink formulation (w/v).

Polymeric Dispersant Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolymericDispersantMass QV
description: A parameter specifying polymeric dispersant mass used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: Polymeric dispersant
alternative label: dispersant mass

Polymeric Dispersant PD 1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Vegetable-oil-based polymeric dispersant prepared from epoxidized soybean oil with partial ring opening and Jeffamine M-2005 (Section 2.2.2).
alternative label: PD1
alternative label: polymeric dispersant 1

Polymeric Dispersant PD 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Vegetable-oil-based polymeric dispersant prepared from epoxidized soybean oil and Jeffamine M-2005 (Section 2.2.3).
alternative label: PD2
alternative label: polymeric dispersant 2

Polymeric Dispersant PD 3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Vegetable-oil-based polymeric dispersant prepared from epoxidized soybean oil and polypropylene glycol (Section 2.2.4).
alternative label: PD3
alternative label: polymeric dispersant 3

Polymeric Dispersant PD 4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Vegetable-oil-based polymeric dispersant prepared from epoxidized castor oil and Jeffamine M-2005 (Section 2.2.5).
alternative label: PD4
alternative label: polymeric dispersant 4

Polymerization Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PolymerizationDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of radical polymerization step.
alternative label: polymerization time

Polymethylsilsesquioxane Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Preceramic silicone resin precursor (Wacker SILRES MK) used as base polymer for UV-curable ink; precursor for SiOC ceramics.
alternative label: MK resin

Polypropylene Glycol 2000
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for polypropylene glycol 2000.
alternative label: polypropylene glycol

Polyvinyl Alcohol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for polyvinyl alcohol.

Polyvinylidene Fluoride
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polymer binder material used in cathode catalyst layer; not found in ontology
alternative label: Poly (1

Polyvinylpyrrolidone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydrophilic polymer blended with PES; provides proton-accepting sites.
alternative label: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

Pore Area Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PoreAreaFraction QV
description: A property denoting area fraction (%) of pores on fracture surface (2D measurement).
alternative label: crack area fraction
alternative label: pore area %

Pore Major Axis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PoreMajorAxis QV
description: A property denoting average major axis length of pores measured on fracture surfaces (µm).

Pore Minor Axis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PoreMinorAxis QV
description: A property denoting average minor axis length of pores measured on fracture surfaces (µm).

Pore Radius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PoreRadius QV
description: A parameter specifying pore radius used to characterize Transmission Line Model Analysis and Electrochemical Reaction Simulation.
alternative label: R_p
alternative label: pore size bin radius
alternative label: r_pore

Pore Size Distribution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PoreSizeDistribution QV
description: A property denoting the distribution of pore sizes within a material or structure as determined by pore-characterization measurements.
alternative label: PSD

Pore Size Distribution Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing pore size distribution data generated by Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Measurement.
alternative label: cumulative pore volume distribution
alternative label: pore size distribution
alternative label: pore size distribution curves

Pore Size Distribution Peak Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PoreSizeDistributionPeakDiameter QV
hasQuantityValue: PoreSizeDistributionPeakDiameter QV 2
description: A property denoting peak pore diameter(s) read from pore size distribution (PSD) derived from N2 desorption (NLDFT).
alternative label: peak diameter
alternative label: pore diameter peak
alternative label: pore size distribution peak

Pore Surface Area Fraction Below 20 nm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PoreSurfaceAreaFractionBelow20nm QV
description: A property denoting pore surface area fraction below 20 nm and determined in Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement.

Pore Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PoreVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying pore volume fraction used to characterize Transmission Line Model Analysis.
alternative label: crack volume fraction
alternative label: w_k

Porosity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasInputMaterial: Cesium Formate Solution
hasParameter: True Density
measures: Apparent Density
measures: Bulk Density
measures: Catalyst Layer Porosity
measures: Open Porosity
measures: Total Porosity
measures: True Density
usesInstrument: Digital Balance
usesInstrument: Digital Caliper
usesInstrument: Helium Pycnometer
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
description: Determination of total and open porosity from bulk/apparent/true density (caliper/balance + helium pycnometry).
alternative label: porosity evaluation from FIB-SEM
alternative label: porosity ε
alternative label: pycnometer density and porosity calculation

Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Sintered porous alumina monolith/catalyst carrier with hierarchical pores and biomimetic vein structure.
alternative label: biomimetic porous ceramics
alternative label: monolithic carrier
alternative label: porous alumina ceramics

Porous Ceramic Property Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of porous ceramic properties across processing conditions.

Porphyrin P
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Porphyrin compound (abbreviated P in paper) used to sensitize TiO2 for visible-light photocatalysis.
alternative label: dye sensitizer P
alternative label: porphyrin photosensitizer

Positioning Accuracy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PositioningAccuracy QV
description: A parameter specifying positioning accuracy specification of the UV-assisted DIW apparatus (up to 5 µm).

Potassium Chloride Electrolyte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aqueous potassium chloride electrolyte used for CV/EIS measurements.
alternative label: KCl electrolyte

Potassium Content Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PotassiumContentWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying potassium content in geopolymer lattice expressed as wt.% (dry basis).
alternative label: Potassium content (wt.%)

Potassium Geopolymer Lattice
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Potassium-based geopolymer lattice catalyst formulation (3D_K_GP).
alternative label: K-based geopolymer lattice

Potassium Hydroxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Alkali hydroxide used in activating solution.

Potassium Iodide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Additive introducing KI buffer/shielding layer for stability.

Potassium Persulfate Initiator
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Free-radical initiator used to copolymerize styrene and DMAEMA; provides sulfate end groups.
alternative label: potassium persulfate

Potassium Phosphate Buffer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Potassium phosphate buffer electrolyte (pH 7.5) used in clean tests and MFC electrolyte.

Potassium Silicate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Potassium silicate solution used in activating solution for K-based geopolymer.

Potassium Sodium Tartrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Complexing agent in electroless copper plating bath (Solution A).

Potassium Sulfate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Supporting electrolyte used for methanol oxidation measurements.

Potential Cycling Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasParameter: Lower Potential Limit
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Upper Potential Limit
usesInstrument: Fuel Cell Test Station
description: Break-in method with cell potential/voltage cycling between set limits.
alternative label: potential cycling

Potential Of Total Zero Charge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PotentialOfTotalZeroCharge QV
description: A property denoting electrode potential where surface charge is zero; review cites ptzc for Pt(111) affecting ionomer adsorption.
alternative label: ptzc

Potential Ramp Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PotentialRampTime QV
description: A parameter specifying not found in ONTOLOGY.jsonld. Time for potential transition/ramp between AST potential steps (paper reports fixed slope time of 0.25 s).
alternative label: slope time

Potential Window
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying potential window used to characterize Square Wave Voltammetry, Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, and Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: potential range
alternative label: potential swept between
alternative label: potential window lower bound

Potentiostatic Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Break-in method at constant cell voltage (potentiostatic hold).
alternative label: constant voltage activation

Powder Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Extrudable ink containing powder particles, binder, plasticizer, surfactant and solvent.
alternative label: printing ink

Power Conversion Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PowerConversionEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting solar-cell power conversion efficiency (output electrical power / incident light power).
alternative label: PCE
alternative label: conversion efficiency
alternative label: device efficiency

Power Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
normalizedTo: Catalyst Mass
description: A property denoting power density normalized to Catalyst Mass and determined in MEAPolarization, Electrochemical Reaction Simulation, and Organic Flow Battery Polarization Measurement.
alternative label: Pmax
alternative label: maximum output density
alternative label: peak power density

Power Density Increase Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PowerDensityIncreasePercent QV
description: A property denoting power density increase percent and determined in MEAPolarization and Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement.
alternative label: % increase
alternative label: % increase of maximum power density
alternative label: power density increase

Power Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PowerEfficiency QV
description: A property denoting power efficiency for LED device (lm/W).
alternative label: lm/W
alternative label: maximum power efficiency 1.03 lm/W

Power Law Consistency Index
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PowerLawConsistencyIndex QV
description: A property denoting power law consistency index and determined in Rheology Measurement.
alternative label: K
alternative label: consistency index

Power Law Flow Index
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PowerLawFlowIndex QV
description: A property denoting flow behavior index n from power-law fit of viscosity vs shear rate; n<1 indicates shear-thinning.
alternative label: flow behavior index n
alternative label: flow index

Power Loss Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PowerLossPercent QV
description: A property denoting power loss percent.
alternative label: power loss after AST

Pre Carbonization Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Biomass Precursor
hasParameter: Pre Carbonization Temperature
hasParameter: Pre Carbonization Time
usesInstrument: Tube Furnace
description: Pre-carbonization step at 450°C under N2 prior to annealing.
alternative label: pre-carbonized

Pre Carbonization Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PreCarbonizationTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying pre-carbonization temperature under N2.

Pre Carbonization Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PreCarbonizationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of pre-carbonization under N2.
alternative label: pre-carbonization duration

Pre Purge Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrePurgeTime QV
description: A parameter specifying pre purge time used to characterize Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.

Pre Reduction Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PreReductionTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying in-autoclave prereduction temperature with H2 before adding furfural (50°C).
alternative label: °C

Pre Reduction Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PreReductionTime QV
description: A parameter specifying pre reduction time used to characterize Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis and Furfural Hydrogenation Reaction Measurement.
alternative label: reduction time

Precursor Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying precursor concentration used to characterize Catalyst Impregnation, Catalyst Ink Preparation, and Dip Coating Process.
alternative label: catalyst ink concentration
alternative label: ink concentration
alternative label: porphyrin solution concentration

Precursor Solution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a precursor solution and used as an input in Catalyst Impregnation.

Pressure Bonding Electrode Preparation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: A manufacturing process for pressure bonding electrode preparation.
alternative label: pressure-bonded electrode
alternative label: pressure-bonding method

Pressure Dependent Gas Diffusion Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PressureDependentGasDiffusionResistance QV
description: A property denoting pressure-dependent component (molecular diffusion in large pores/diffusion media).
alternative label: R_MD
alternative label: R_PD
alternative label: pressure dependent resistance

Pressure Independent Gas Diffusion Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PressureIndependentGasDiffusionResistance QV
description: A property denoting pressure-independent component of transport resistance (Knudsen + ionomer film).
alternative label: R_NF
alternative label: R_PI
alternative label: pressure independent resistance

Pressure Regulator
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Regulator controlling air pressure for spray atomization.
alternative label: electronic pressure regulating valve

Primary Agglomerate Pore Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PrimaryAgglomeratePoreSize QV
description: A property denoting primary agglomerate pore size and determined in Literature Microstructure Compilation and Nitrogen Physisorption Measurement.
alternative label: pores within primary agglomerates
alternative label: primary pore size

Print Job Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintJobDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying typical duration of a DIW printing job for one lattice.
alternative label: print job

Print Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying applied pressure during screen printing (bar).
alternative label: applied pressure (bar)
alternative label: extrusion pressure
alternative label: printing pressure

Print Resolution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintResolution QV
description: A parameter specifying reported printing resolution range for DLP and DIW subsystems.
alternative label: XY resolution

Print Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying printer head/filament deposition speed during DIW (mm/s).
alternative label: mm/s
alternative label: print head speed
alternative label: printing speed

Printability Z Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PrintabilityZNumber QV
description: A property denoting printability Z number and determined in Ink Printability Assessment.
alternative label: Z
alternative label: Z number

Printable Working Time Max
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PrintableWorkingTimeMax QV
description: A property denoting printable working time max.
alternative label: working time max
alternative label: working time window

Printable Working Time Min
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PrintableWorkingTimeMin QV
description: A property denoting printable working time min.
alternative label: working time min
alternative label: working time window

Printed Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintedArea QV
description: A parameter specifying printed catalyst layer area used in hot pressing reference (cm²).
alternative label: printed catalyst area

Printed CNT Structure Height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PrintedCNTStructureHeight QV
description: A property denoting printed CNT structure height and determined in Stylus Profilometry Measurement.
alternative label: CNT height
alternative label: height of CNT dots/lines

Printed Composite Structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: 3D-printed (pre-carbonization) composite structure obtained after DIW and freeze-drying or thermal drying.
alternative label: GO-lignin 3D-printed structure
alternative label: composite GO-lignin 3D structures

Printed Ferritin Pre Catalyst Pattern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Printed pattern/feature consisting of ferritin (or ferritin@surfactant) precursor on alumina/Si prior to pyrolysis.
alternative label: ink jet printed ferritin solution
alternative label: printed pre-catalyst

Printed Gold Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a printed gold electrode and used as an input in Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: Au electrode
alternative label: gold electrode
alternative label: printed Au electrode

Printed Green Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: As-printed (unsintered) ceramic part produced by DIW.
alternative label: green part

Printed Grid Structure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: As-printed (UV-cured) 3D cellular structure before pyrolysis.
alternative label: cellular structure
alternative label: struts

Printed Layer Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintedLayerCount QV
description: A parameter specifying printed layer count used to characterize Inkjet Printing Process.
alternative label: number of printed layers (1 to 4)

Printed Line Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintedLineWidth QV
description: A parameter specifying width of printed precursor line features (µm).
alternative label: line width
alternative label: shell width
alternative label: width of printed line

Printed Pillar Array
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Printed artifact consisting of periodically (or aperiodically) deposited vertical pillars.
alternative label: free-standing pillar arrays
alternative label: pillar arrays
alternative label: printed pillars

Printed Trace Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PrintedTraceWidth QV
description: A property denoting measured width of printed conductive silver trace in composite (µm).
alternative label: trace width
alternative label: width of the silver trace

Printer Filament Diameter Setting
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrinterFilamentDiameterSetting QV
description: A parameter specifying Slic3r software filament diameter setting used to control peristaltic pump speed.
alternative label: "filament diameter" parameter
alternative label: filament diameter setting

Printing Layer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PrintingLayerThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying printing layer thickness used to characterize Printing Parameter Specification.
alternative label: TL
alternative label: TW
alternative label: layer thickness

Printing Parameter Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Curing Time
hasParameter: Nozzle Diameter
hasParameter: Print Pressure
hasParameter: Print Resolution
hasParameter: Print Speed
hasParameter: Printing Layer Thickness
measures: Core Diameter
measures: Nozzle To Substrate Distance
measures: Print Pressure
measures: Print Speed
measures: Printed Line Width
measures: Printing Layer Thickness
description: Reported DIW process setpoints such as print speed, deposition rate, and nozzle diameter.
alternative label: printing parameters

Printing Platform Stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Movable build platform (glass with opaque film) mounted on a linear stage.
alternative label: linear stage
alternative label: x-y-z stage

Probability Density Morphology Parameter K
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ProbabilityDensityMorphologyParameterK QV
description: A parameter specifying probability density (morphology) parameter k controlling aggregate shape in the reconstruction algorithm (k=3 for branch-type).
alternative label: morphology factor k
alternative label: parameter k

Procedure Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
description: Captures explicitly stated recipe/process parameters from the Methods section (not measured; specified).
alternative label: curing procedure
alternative label: experimental procedure
alternative label: specified

Profilometer Sampling Step
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ProfilometerSamplingStep QV
description: A parameter specifying spatial sampling step along profilometry scan.
alternative label: sampling step

Profilometer Stylus Force
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ProfilometerStylusForce QV
description: A parameter specifying normal force applied by stylus during contact profilometry.
alternative label: stylus force

Profilometer Stylus Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ProfilometerStylusSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying lateral scan speed of the stylus during profilometry.
alternative label: stylus speed

Profilometer Tip Radius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ProfilometerTipRadius QV
description: A parameter specifying radius of hemispherical stylus tip used in contact profilometry.
alternative label: stylus radius
alternative label: tip radius

Profilometer Tip Simulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Thickness Difference Percent
description: Simulation of hemispherical stylus tip traversing 3D microscopy profile to estimate thickness bias.
alternative label: simulation of profilometer tip motion

Profilometry Protocol Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Profilometer Sampling Step
hasParameter: Profilometer Stylus Force
hasParameter: Profilometer Stylus Speed
hasParameter: Profilometer Tip Radius
description: Specification of profilometry operating parameters (tip radius, force, speed, sampling).
alternative label: profilometry protocol

Profilometry Sample Preparation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Removed Strip Width
hasParameter: Strip Spacing
description: A manufacturing process for profilometry sample preparation using Cathode Catalyst Layer.

Projector Light Intensity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ProjectorLightIntensity QV
description: A property denoting irradiance/intensity of DLP projector measured by radiometer (mW/cm2).
alternative label: light intensity

Propylene Glycol 12
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Dispersion solvent: 1,2-propylene glycol (propylene glycol isomer).

Propylene Glycol 13
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Dispersion solvent: 1,3-propylene glycol (trimethylene glycol).

Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PropyleneGlycolMethylEtherVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying volume fraction of propylene glycol methyl ether in solvent mixture (vol.%).
alternative label: propylene glycol methyl ether
alternative label: propylene glycol methyl ether vol%

Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Eco-friendly industrial solvent used to disperse MSA-QDs and formulate inks.
alternative label: PGME
alternative label: propylene glycol methyl ether

Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Industrial solvent used to disperse MSA-QDs and as developer; also used as co-solvent in inks.
alternative label: PGMEA

Protic Ionic Liquid Grafted Polybenzimidazole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: PBI grafted with protic ionic liquid moieties (HTfO-protonated), used as catalyst binder (paper's 'PBI-F').
alternative label: ionic liquid grafted PBI
alternative label: protic ionic liquid grafted PBI

Protocol Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
description: Extraction of nominal experimental parameters from methods section
alternative label: EIS protocol
alternative label: test protocol

Proton Conduct Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Pt-free sublayer (layer X) adjacent to PEM, mainly for proton transport simulation in MCL
alternative label: layer X
alternative label: proton transport layer

Proton Conduct Layer Thickness Fraction In MCL
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ProtonConductLayerThicknessFractionInMCL QV
description: A parameter specifying through-plane thickness fraction (percent) of layer X within total cathode MCL.
alternative label: proportion in MCL

Proton Conductivity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Phosphoric Acid Doped PESPVP Composite Membrane
hasOutputData: Conductivity Dataset
hasOutputData: Impedance Dataset
hasParameter: EIS Max Frequency
hasParameter: EIS Min Frequency
hasParameter: EIS Perturbation Amplitude
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Ionomer Film Thickness
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Effective Ionic Conductivity
measures: Protonic Catalyst Layer Resistivity
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Interdigitated Electrode Array
description: Measurement of proton conductivity of PA-doped membrane (reported at 160°C).
alternative label: conductivity measurement
alternative label: proton conductivity
alternative label: proton conductivity / resistivity measurement (EIS under H2/N2)

Protonated Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a protonated membrane and used as an input in MEAAssembly Process.

Protonic Catalyst Layer Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ProtonicCatalystLayerResistance QV
description: A property denoting protonic resistance of cathode catalyst layer (fitted with transmission line model from EIS).
alternative label: R_ion
alternative label: protonic CL resistance
alternative label: protonic layer resistance

Protonic Catalyst Layer Resistivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ProtonicCatalystLayerResistivity QV
description: A property denoting protonic catalyst layer resistivity and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic and Proton Conductivity Measurement.
alternative label: proton resistivity
alternative label: protonic resistivity
alternative label: ρ_H+

Pseudo Boehmite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Aluminum oxyhydroxide precursor used as raw material, binder, and pore-forming agent.

Pseudo Double Layer Capacitance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PseudoDoubleLayerCapacitance QV
description: A property denoting pseudo double layer capacitance and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: Cpd1
alternative label: Cpdl

Pseudo First Order Rate Constant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PseudoFirstOrderRateConstant QV
description: A property denoting pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant extracted from ln(C0/C) vs time for RhB degradation.

Pt 111 Surface
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a pt 111 surface and used as an input in Cyclic Voltammetry, X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Measurement, and Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement.
alternative label: Pt (111) single-crystal surface
alternative label: Pt(111)
alternative label: platinum (111) surface

Pt 3 Co On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for pt 3 co on carbon catalyst.
alternative label: Pt3Co alloy catalyst

Pt Alloy Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Advanced Pt-alloy ORR catalysts discussed in review (contrasted vs Pt/C).
alternative label: Pt alloy catalysts
alternative label: Pt-Co alloy on carbon
alternative label: Pt-Co catalyst

Pt Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of Pt in Pt/Ru catalyst particles or networks (from EDX).
alternative label: EDX
alternative label: Pt [atom%]
alternative label: STEM-EDX

Pt C To PBI Weight Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtCToPBIWeightRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying fixed at 19/1 in MEA catalyst layer per paper.
alternative label: Pt-C/PBI
alternative label: [Pt-C]/[PBI] weight ratio

Pt Chemical Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtChemicalSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting pt chemical surface area and determined in Electron Microscopy Imaging.
alternative label: CSA
alternative label: CSA(TEM)
alternative label: chemical surface area

Pt Co On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Catalyst material used (PtCo/C, 48.3 wt% Pt); no specific term found in ontology

Pt Counter Electrode
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Reference counter electrode: Pt film deposited on FTO.
alternative label: platinized counter electrode

Pt Crystal Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtCrystalDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying diameter of Pt(111) single-crystal substrate (10 mm).

Pt Crystal Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtCrystalThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying thickness of Pt(111) single-crystal substrate (5 mm).

Pt Crystallite Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtCrystalliteSize QV
description: A property denoting pt crystallite size estimated from XRD (111) peak via Scherrer equation.
alternative label: Pt crystallite size (XRD)
alternative label: Scherrer
alternative label: mean crystallite size

Pt Effectiveness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting concept/metric linking transport through ionomer film to effective utilization of Pt (review cites Lee et al. model).
alternative label: Ef_Pt
alternative label: effectiveness of Pt
alternative label: effectiveness of Pt (Ef_Pt)

Pt Hydrogen Adsorption Specific Charge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtHydrogenAdsorptionSpecificCharge QV
hasQuantityValue: PtHydrogenAdsorptionSpecificCharge QV 2
normalizedTo: ECSA Basis
description: A parameter specifying pt hydrogen adsorption specific charge used to characterize Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: Pt specific charge
alternative label: hydrogen adsorption charge constant
alternative label: specific charge

Pt Ketjen Black Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Pt on Ketjen Black EC300J catalyst powder / cathode catalyst layer.
alternative label: Pt/K
alternative label: Pt/Ketjen catalyst
alternative label: graphitized Ketjen black supported Pt catalyst

Pt Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtLoading QV
description: A property denoting platinum mass per geometric area of CCM.
alternative label: Pt catalyst loading
alternative label: mg_Pt cm−2
alternative label: µg_Pt cm^-2

Pt Loading Per Power
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtLoadingPerPower QV
description: A parameter specifying platinum loading normalized by rated power output (g Pt per kW), used by DOE performance index and NSTF electrode.
alternative label: Pt loading (g/kW)
alternative label: Pt per power

Pt Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Normalization Basis
hasQuantityValue: PtMass QV
description: A normalization basis corresponding to pt mass and used as the reference basis for reporting quantitative results or properties.
alternative label: gPt
alternative label: mg_Pt
alternative label: platinum mass

Pt Mass Fraction In Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtMassFractionInCatalyst QV
description: A parameter specifying pt mass fraction in catalyst used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: Pt content in catalyst
alternative label: Pt mass fraction
alternative label: platinum mass fraction in catalyst

Pt Mass Per Power
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtMassPerPower QV
description: A property denoting platinum mass required per unit power output (g_Pt per kW), used as a system-level Pt-usage metric in the review.
alternative label: Pt per kW
alternative label: Pt utilization (g_Pt kW^-1)
alternative label: gPt/kW

Pt Mass Specific Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtMassSpecificCurrent QV
description: A property denoting pt mass specific current and determined in MEAPolarization.

Pt Mass Specific Peak Power Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtMassSpecificPeakPowerDensity QV
description: A property denoting peak power density normalized to Pt mass loading (specific power).
alternative label: Pt-mass specific power density
alternative label: mass power
alternative label: mass specific power density

Pt Mass Specific Power Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtMassSpecificPowerDensity QV
description: A property denoting Pt-mass-normalized power output at a specified current density (here 600 mA/cm²). Separate from peak mass-specific power.

Pt Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Metadata
hasQuantityValue: PtMass QV 2
description: Metadata corresponding to pt mass and used to describe the provenance, identity, or context of another resource.
alternative label: mg_Pt

Pt Mesoporous Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Pt on mesoporous carbon (CNovel) catalyst powder / cathode catalyst layer.

Pt NCNT Fs Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a pt NCNT fs catalyst and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: Pt-NCNTFs
alternative label: Pt-NCNTFs cathode catalyst

Pt On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Platinum on carbon catalyst powder used in cathode catalyst layer.
alternative label: Pt/C catalyst
alternative label: carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles
alternative label: catalyst particles

Pt On Carbon Catalyst Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtOnCarbonCatalystMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying pt on carbon catalyst mass fraction in ink used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: Pt/C catalyst concentration
alternative label: Pt/C wt.% in ink
alternative label: Pt/Carbon (wt%)

Pt On Carbon Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtOnCarbonWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying pt mass fraction in Pt/C electrocatalyst (wt%). Used to tune CL thickness at constant Pt loading and I/C.
alternative label: Pt mass fraction in Pt/C
alternative label: Pt on carbon ratio
alternative label: Pt wt% on carbon

Pt On Nb B 2 Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: High-surface-area catalyst consisting of Pt deposited on NbB2 microparticles (homemade catalyst).
alternative label: Pt/NbB2 catalyst

Pt On Orange Peel Activated Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Platinum catalyst deposited on orange-peel activated carbon (OP-AC) support; evaluated for ORR (CV/LSV) and PEMFC cathode performance.
alternative label: platinum loaded on activated carbon (Pt/OP-AC)

Pt Particle Diameter Increase Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtParticleDiameterIncreasePercent QV
description: A property denoting percent increase in mean Pt particle diameter during conditioning/break-in.

Pt Particle Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtParticleSize QV
description: A property denoting size of Pt nanoparticles in Pt/C catalyst (nm scale).
alternative label: Pt nanoparticle size
alternative label: Pt particle diameter
alternative label: mean particle size

Pt Poisoning by Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting phenomenon/metric describing reduced ORR activity due to adsorption/poisoning of Pt by ionomer sulfonate groups (review discussion).
alternative label: Pt anion poisoning
alternative label: Pt poisoning
alternative label: poisoning of Pt by sulfonic acid groups

Pt Ru Black Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Unsupported PtRu alloy catalyst (metal black) used for DMFC anode catalyst layers.
alternative label: PtRu black
alternative label: PtRu catalyst
alternative label: PtRu catalyst (anode)

Pt Ru On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Carbon-supported PtRu anode catalyst (paper)
alternative label: Pt/Ru catalyst alloy
alternative label: Pt/Ru electrocatalyst
alternative label: Pt/Ru-C

Pt Ru On Carbon Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PtRuOnCarbonWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying metal weight percent in PtRu/C catalyst (analogous to PtOnCarbonWeightPercent).

Pt To Ru Atomic Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtToRuAtomicRatio QV
description: A property denoting atomic ratio Pt/Ru determined from EDX composition (dimensionless).
alternative label: EDX
alternative label: Pt/Ru
alternative label: Pt/Ru ratio

Pt Utilization
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtUtilization QV
normalizedTo: Peak Power Density
description: A property denoting fraction of Pt that is electrochemically accessible (ratio of ECSA to theoretical surface area).
alternative label: ECSA utilization
alternative label: U_Pt
alternative label: catalyst utilization

Pt Utilization Calculation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasParameter: Electrochemically Active Surface Area
hasParameter: Physical Surface Area Pt Catalyst
measures: Pt Effectiveness
measures: Pt Utilization
description: Calculation of Pt utilization from ECSA and physical Pt surface area (Eq. 10).
alternative label: Pt utilization
alternative label: TSA calculation
alternative label: utilisation calculation

Pt Utilization Relative Increase
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PtUtilizationRelativeIncrease QV
description: A property denoting relative increase in mean current density per Pt surface (structure 1 reported 22% higher than structure 2).
alternative label: Pt utilization difference (structure 1 vs 2)
alternative label: relative utilization increase

Pulse Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PulseCurrent QV
description: A parameter specifying description=Galvanostatic discharge current used for SC-MFC pulse tests.
alternative label: current pulse
alternative label: i_pulse

Pulse Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PulseDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying description=Duration of galvanostatic discharge pulse.
alternative label: pulse time
alternative label: t_pulse

Pulse Power Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PulsePowerDensity QV
description: A property denoting description=Average power density delivered during a galvanostatic discharge pulse (energy/time over pulse).
alternative label: Ppulse
alternative label: pulse power

Pulsed Laser Deposition Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Alumina
hasInputMaterial: Cobalt II Oxide Co O
hasInputMaterial: Fe 2 O 3 Powder
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasParameter: Laser Fluence
hasParameter: Laser Pulse Length
hasParameter: Laser Repetition Rate
hasParameter: Laser Wavelength
hasParameter: Target Substrate Distance
usesInstrument: Excimer Laser Instrument
description: Pulsed laser deposition of Fe–Co catalyst and Al2O3 support layers onto substrates.
alternative label: PLD
alternative label: pulsed laser deposition

Purging Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Activation by purging/soaking electrodes with inert or reactive gases (N2, air, H2).
alternative label: purging method

Purification Repetitions
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PurificationRepetitions QV
description: A parameter specifying number of purification/centrifugation repetitions.
alternative label: isolated by centrifugation (repeated 3 times)
alternative label: multiple purifications
alternative label: repeated 3 times

Pycnometry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
measures: True Density
usesInstrument: Helium Pycnometer
description: A measurement process that determines true density using a helium pycnometer.
alternative label: gas pycnometer density measurement
alternative label: helium pycnometer

Pyrex Glass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a pyrex glass and used as an input in Membrane Immobilization On Pyrex Glass.

Pyridinic Nitrogen Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PyridinicNitrogenFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent of N 1s assigned to pyridinic nitrogen (XPS deconvolution).
alternative label: pyridinic N

Pyrolysis Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Argon Gas
hasInputMaterial: Chloroplatinic Acid Hexahydrate
hasInputMaterial: Co TMPP Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Fumed Silica
hasInputMaterial: Ni Mg Al Layered Double Hydroxide
hasInputMaterial: Nitrogen
hasInputMaterial: Printed Composite Structure
hasInputMaterial: Printed Ferritin Pre Catalyst Pattern
hasInputMaterial: Printed Grid Structure
hasInputMaterial: Tetrahydrofuran
hasInputMaterial: ZIF 67
hasOutputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasOutputMaterial: Co TMPP Catalyst
hasOutputMaterial: Iron Iron Oxide Catalyst Nanoparticle
hasOutputMaterial: NCNT Fs Support
hasOutputMaterial: Ni Mg Al Mixed Oxide Catalyst
hasOutputMaterial: Pt NCNT Fs Catalyst
hasOutputMaterial: Si OC Ceramic
hasParameter: Annealing Duration
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Annealing Time
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Cooling Rate
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Heating Rate
hasParameter: Pyrolysis Temperature
hasParameter: Pyrolysis Time
hasParameter: Ramp Rate
usesInstrument: Tube Furnace
description: High-temperature heat treatment of CoTMPP precursor/silica composite under nitrogen to form the active non-Pt catalyst.
alternative label: pyrolysis under N2
alternative label: pyrolysis under nitrogen
alternative label: pyrolyzed

Pyrolysis Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PyrolysisTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying setpoint temperature used during pyrolysis heat treatment.
alternative label: calcination temperature
alternative label: heat treatment temperature

Pyrolysis Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: PyrolysisTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of the pyrolysis heat treatment.
alternative label: calcination time

Pyrrolic Nitrogen Fraction Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: PyrrolicNitrogenFractionPercent QV
description: A property denoting percent of N 1s assigned to pyrrolic nitrogen (XPS deconvolution).

QD Ink Formulation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: MSA Capped Quantum Dot
hasInputMaterial: Photo Acid Generator PAG 169
hasInputMaterial: SU 8 Epoxy Resin
hasOutputMaterial: Quantum Dot Ink
hasParameter: PAG 169 Weight Percent In Ink
hasParameter: QD Ink Solvent Weight Ratio
hasParameter: Quantum Dot Weight Percent In Ink
hasParameter: SU 8 Weight Percent In Ink
description: Preparation of SU-8/MSA-QD inks with specified mass fractions and mixed solvents.
alternative label: QD ink
alternative label: ink formulation
alternative label: photosensitive QD inks

QD Ink Solvent Weight Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: QDInkSolventWeightRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio(s) of solvent components used in ink formulations.
alternative label: HXA:MEK
alternative label: co-solvent ratio
alternative label: solvent ratio

QD Powder Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: QDPowderMass QV
description: A parameter specifying mass of QD powder used in ligand exchange batch.
alternative label: QD powder (mg)

QSDFT Surface Area Nitrogen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: QSDFTSurfaceAreaNitrogen QV
description: A property denoting qSDFT-derived (quenched solid density functional theory) surface area from N2 physisorption.
alternative label: DFT surface area
alternative label: QSDFT area
alternative label: QSDFT surface area

Quantum Dot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for quantum dot.
alternative label: QD
alternative label: colloidal quantum dot

Quantum Dot Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Ink formulation containing MSA-QDs, SU-8 binder, and mixed solvents; used for inkjet printing and droplet drying tests.
alternative label: QD ink
alternative label: SU-8/MSA-QD ink
alternative label: resin-based QD inks

Quantum Dot Loading Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: QuantumDotLoadingWeightPercent QV
description: A property denoting quantum dot loading weight percent.

Quantum Dot Photoresist
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photosensitive composite used for photolithographic patterning (e.g., 2 wt% QDs + 10 wt% SU-8 + PAG + solvent mix).
alternative label: QD photoresist
alternative label: QD photoresist (SU-8/MSA-QD composite)
alternative label: QD photoresists

Quantum Dot Weight Percent In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: QuantumDotWeightPercentInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying quantum-dot mass fraction in ink/photoresist formulation.

Quartz Capillary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: 0.5 mm quartz capillary used to contain specimens during XRD/tomography.

Quartz Crystal Microbalance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a quartz crystal microbalance and used in Catalyst Loading Determination and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurement.
alternative label: METTLER TOLEDO quartz crystal microbalance
alternative label: QCM

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Acid Uptake Dataset
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
measures: Acid Mass Uptake Ratio
measures: Ion Exchange Capacity
measures: Ionomer Adsorption Ratio
usesInstrument: Quartz Crystal Microbalance
description: Quartz-crystal microbalance measurement used to quantify sulfuric acid mass uptake in thin films.
alternative label: QCM
alternative label: quartz crystal microbalance

Quaternary Ammonium Silica Precursor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Quaternary ammonium silica precursor synthesized from GTMAC and APTMS, used as ionic source/plasticizer in PVA matrix.
alternative label: QASP

Quaternized Silica Filler
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Quaternized silica filler added to PVA/QASP membrane (10 wt% vs PVA) to reduce methanol permeability and improve properties.
alternative label: quaternized-SiO2 fillers

Quokka SANS Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a quokka SANS instrument and used in Contrast Variation SANSUSANS Measurement.
alternative label: Quokka SANS instrument (ANSTO)

RDE Rotator
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a rotating disk electrode rotator and used in linear sweep voltammetry and related rotating-electrode measurements.

RM 257
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Diacrylate mesogen component of LCE ink.
alternative label: RM257 diacrylate mesogen

RRDE Assembly
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a rotating ring-disk electrode assembly and used in rotating ring-disk voltammetry and related electrochemical measurements.

Radiometer Photometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument used to measure projector light intensity.
alternative label: ILT1400-A Radiometer Photometer

Radius Of Gyration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RadiusOfGyration QV
description: A property denoting radius of gyration (Rg) of ink aggregates/agglomerates extracted from Guinier fits to USAXS data.
alternative label: Rg

Raman D Band Peak Wavenumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RamanDBandPeakWavenumber QV
description: A property denoting raman D-band peak position (wavenumber) for carbon disorder band.
alternative label: D band peak position
alternative label: D-band peak
alternative label: Raman D band

Raman D Band Wavenumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RamanDBandWavenumber QV
description: A property denoting Raman wavenumber (cm^-1) of the carbon D-band peak in dried ink films.
alternative label: Raman D-band peak position

Raman G Band Peak Wavenumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RamanGBandPeakWavenumber QV
description: A property denoting raman G-band peak position (wavenumber) used to assess carbon structural changes.
alternative label: G band peak position
alternative label: G-band peak
alternative label: Raman G band

Raman G Band Wavenumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RamanGBandWavenumber QV
description: A property denoting Raman wavenumber (cm^-1) of the carbon G-band peak in dried ink films.
alternative label: Raman G-band peak position
alternative label: Raman shift for carbon G-band

Raman I 2 D To IG Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RamanI2DToIGRatio QV
description: A property denoting intensity ratio of Raman 2D band to G band used to indicate graphene stacking/restacking.
alternative label: I2D/IG

Raman ID To IG Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RamanIDToIGRatio QV
description: A property denoting Raman D-band to G-band intensity ratio (ID/IG) for carbon structure.
alternative label: D/G band intensity ratio
alternative label: ID/IG
alternative label: R = ID/IG

Raman IG To ID Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RamanIGToIDRatio QV
description: A property denoting raman IG to ID ratio and determined in Raman Spectroscopy Measurement.
alternative label: I_G/I_D
alternative label: I_G/I_D ratio

Raman Spectrometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a Raman spectrometer and used in Raman spectroscopy measurement.
alternative label: Nicolet Almega XR Raman
alternative label: Raman spectroscope (LabRAM HR
alternative label: Renishaw inVia Qontor confocal Raman microscope

Raman Spectroscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Nanotube Forest
hasInputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasParameter: Laser Wavelength
measures: Graphitic Crystallite Size La
measures: Raman D Band Peak Wavenumber
measures: Raman D Band Wavenumber
measures: Raman G Band Peak Wavenumber
measures: Raman G Band Wavenumber
measures: Raman I 2 D To IG Ratio
measures: Raman ID To IG Ratio
measures: Raman IG To ID Ratio
usesInstrument: Raman Spectrometer
description: A measurement process that uses Raman spectroscopy to determine Raman band positions and intensity ratios using a Raman spectrometer.
alternative label: RAMAN
alternative label: Raman spectra
alternative label: Raman spectroscopy

Ramp Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RampRate QV
description: A parameter specifying heating rate used during thermal treatment.
alternative label: ramp-up rate
alternative label: °C/min

Rapid Cool Down Activation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Break-in method combining operation with rapid cool-down below dew point to condense liquid water.
alternative label: condensation activation
alternative label: rapid cool-down

Raster Pitch
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RasterPitch QV
description: A parameter specifying Raster line pitch between adjacent serpentine passes during electrospray deposition. | Needed to capture raster pattern geometry; not found in ontology.

Reaction Area Position In Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying categorical descriptor of where the active reaction layer (Y) is located through-plane: near PEM, mid-CL, or near GDL.
alternative label: reaction area moves from PEM to GDL
alternative label: reaction area position

Reaction Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Pt-containing sublayer (layer Y) where ORR occurs, sandwiched between X and Z
alternative label: active layer
alternative label: layer Y

Reaction Layer Thickness Fraction In MCL
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ReactionLayerThicknessFractionInMCL QV
description: A parameter specifying through-plane thickness fraction (percent) of layer Y within total cathode MCL.
alternative label: proportion in MCL

Reaction Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ReactionTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying temperature of transesterification reaction.
alternative label: T
alternative label: synthesis temperature
alternative label: treatment temperature

Reaction Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ReactionTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of transesterification reaction.
alternative label: hold time
alternative label: treatment time

Reactor Tube Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ReactorTubeDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying inner/nominal diameter of the quartz tube reactor (mm).
alternative label: quartz tube diameter

Recurrent Neural Network Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Recurrent neural network family (includes LSTM variants) used for time-series degradation prediction.
alternative label: RNN
alternative label: recurrent neural network

Reduction Completion Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ReductionCompletionTemperature QV
description: A property denoting temperature at which a specific oxide is no longer detected / reduction completes.
alternative label: complete reduction temperature

Reduction Onset Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ReductionOnsetTemperature QV
description: A property denoting temperature at which reduction of a specific oxide (or binder removal step) initiates under given atmosphere and heating rate.
alternative label: onset temperature
alternative label: reduction start temperature

Reduction Peak Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ReductionPeakCurrent QV
description: A property denoting cathodic peak current associated with oxygen reduction in CV (O2-saturated electrolyte).
alternative label: ORR reduction current
alternative label: peak cathodic current
alternative label: reduction current

Reduction Peak Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ReductionPeakPotential QV
description: A property denoting electrode potential at ORR reduction peak in CV (reported vs Ag/AgCl).
alternative label: CICo
alternative label: ORR peak potential
alternative label: ORR reduction peak potential

Reduction Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ReductionPotential QV
description: A property denoting average redox reduction potential estimated from CV peak positions; reported vs SHE for AQS and BQDS.
alternative label: AQS reduction potential
alternative label: E°
alternative label: formal potential

Reference Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ReferenceConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying reference concentration used to characterize PEMFCCFD Simulation.

Reference Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ReferenceCurrentDensity QV
description: A parameter specifying reference current density used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic and PEMFCCFD Simulation.
alternative label: RCD
alternative label: reference current prefactor
alternative label: reference exchange density

Reference Electrode Calibration Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Ag/AgCl
measures: Ag Ag Cl Potential Vs RHE
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
description: Measurement of reference electrode potential offset (Ag/AgCl vs RHE) in the electrolyte batch before experiments.
alternative label: Reference electrode potential against RHE was measured

Reference Electrode Mercurous Sulfate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Reference electrode used in half-cell; reported potentials converted/referenced to SHE.
alternative label: mercurous sulfate electrode

Reference Electrode Mercury Mercury Oxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Reference electrode used for electrochemical measurements; potentials converted to RHE scale.

Reference Scale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying reference scale used to characterize Square Wave Voltammetry, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, and Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry.

Refractive Index
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RefractiveIndex QV
description: A property denoting refractive index of dispersion medium (used in DLS/optical parameters and Hamaker constant calculation).

Reinfiltration Mass Increase
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ReinfiltrationMassIncrease QV
description: A property denoting percent mass increase after one polymer reinfiltration cycle (PIP trial).
alternative label: mass increase after reinfiltration

Relative Current Density Change
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RelativeCurrentDensityChange QV
ofProperty: Current Density
description: A property denoting relative current density change.
alternative label: current density decrease
alternative label: current density decreases
alternative label: current density yield

Relative Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting density expressed relative to theoretical full density; often inferred from porosity.
alternative label: near-full density

Relative Humidity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying relative humidity used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement.
alternative label: RH
alternative label: Relative humidity A/C
alternative label: humidification

Relative Humidity AST
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RelativeHumidityAST QV
description: A parameter specifying relative humidity during accelerated stress test (voltage cycling). Distinct from RH_OP in paper.
alternative label: RH_AST
alternative label: relative humidity during voltage cycling

Relative Humidity Operation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RelativeHumidityOperation QV
hasQuantityValue: RelativeHumidityOperation QV 2
description: A parameter specifying relative humidity during a given measurement operation (CO stripping, polarization, etc.). Distinct from RH_AST in paper.
alternative label: RH
alternative label: RH during operation
alternative label: RH_OP

Relative Increase In Peak Power Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RelativeIncreaseInPeakPowerDensity QV
description: A property denoting relative change in peak power density between MIP-modified and control anodes.

Relative Oxygen Permeability
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RelativeOxygenPermeability QV
description: A property denoting dimensionless ratio of oxygen permeability of thin PFSA ionomer film (at interface) relative to bulk PFSA membrane.
alternative label: O2 permeability ratio vs bulk
alternative label: thin-film permeability ratio

Relative Performance Variation Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RelativePerformanceVariationPercent QV
description: A property denoting relative performance variation percent and determined in Fuel Cell Polarization Measurement.
alternative label: performance variation
alternative label: relative performance variation

Relative Proton Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RelativeProtonConductivity QV
description: A property denoting dimensionless relative proton conductivity defined as σ_eff / σ_bulk for the ionomer phase/network in the catalyst layer.
alternative label: σ_H+^R

Relative Proton Conductivity Coefficient Low RIC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RelativeProtonConductivityCoefficientLowRIC QV
description: A parameter specifying prefactor coefficient (2.3×) in low-R_I/C regime relative proton conductivity correlation (Eq. 7).

Relative Proton Conductivity Exponent RIC High
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RelativeProtonConductivityExponentRICHigh QV
description: A parameter specifying exponent on R_I/C in relative proton conductivity correlation for R_I/C ≥ threshold (uniform/heterogeneous high-R_I/C regime).

Relative Proton Conductivity Exponent RIC Low
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RelativeProtonConductivityExponentRICLow QV
description: A parameter specifying exponent on R_I/C in low-R_I/C regime relative proton conductivity correlation (Eq. 7).

Relative Proton Conductivity Exponent VCB
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RelativeProtonConductivityExponentVCB QV
description: A parameter specifying exponent on carbon volume fraction V_CB in relative proton conductivity correlation (both regimes).

Relative Proton Conductivity Threshold RIC
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RelativeProtonConductivityThresholdRIC QV
description: A parameter specifying threshold R_I/C separating regimes in heterogeneous ionomer coating relative conductivity correlation (percolation-like shift).

Relative Variation Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RelativeVariationPercent QV
description: A property denoting ratio (Mmax−Mmin)/Mavg ×100% for repeated dispensing mass.
alternative label: Variation (%)
alternative label: maximum percentage variation

Relative Volatilization Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RelativeVolatilizationRate QV
description: A property denoting relative volatilization rate and determined in Solvent Property Measurement.
alternative label: volatilization rate (relative)

Relevance Vector Machine Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A data resource used to represent relevance vector machine model.
alternative label: RVM
alternative label: relevance vector machine

Removed Strip Width
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RemovedStripWidth QV
description: A parameter specifying removed strip width used to characterize Profilometry Sample Preparation.
alternative label: removed strips width
alternative label: strip width

Reported Material Property
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Anode Catalyst Loading
measures: Average Pore Size
measures: Bandgap Energy
measures: Cathode Catalyst Loading
measures: Compression Pressure
measures: Crawler Speed
measures: Drying Time
measures: Elongation At Break
measures: Hot Press Pressure
measures: Hot Press Temperature
measures: Hot Press Time
measures: Inter Crystallite Distance
measures: Ionomer Equivalent Weight
measures: Ionomer Mass Fraction
measures: Macropore Volume Per Mass
measures: Membrane Thickness
measures: Notched Izod Impact Toughness
measures: Operating Temperature
measures: Pt Loading
measures: Pt Mass Fraction In Catalyst
measures: Pt On Carbon Weight Percent
measures: Relative Humidity
measures: Sample Mass
measures: Sheet Resistance
description: Material property value stated in the paper (may originate from cited synthesis/characterization work).
alternative label: reported property
alternative label: reported property value (from literature)

Residual Chloride Content
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ResidualChlorideContent QV
description: A property denoting residual chloride content remaining after etching, estimated from XPS.
alternative label: Cl- content
alternative label: residual Cl- content

Residual Iron Content
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ResidualIronContent QV
description: A property denoting residual Fe content remaining after etching, estimated from XPS.
alternative label: Fe3+ content
alternative label: residual Fe3+ content

Residual Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ResidualRate QV
description: A property denoting residual fraction/rate metric for ink stability (e.g., residual rate after storage/dispersion); not present as named Property in ontology.
alternative label: residual analysis

Rest Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RestTime QV
description: A parameter specifying description=Rest time between pulses during SC-MFC testing (self-recharge period).
alternative label: self-recharge rest

Retraction Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RetractionRate QV
description: A parameter specifying speed used to retract nozzle from pillar tip to separate cleanly and stop flow.

Review Statement Extraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: BET Surface Area Nitrogen
measures: Bandgap Energy
measures: Catalyst Loading
measures: Efficiency Retention Percent
measures: Electrocatalyst Support Stability Percent
measures: Exchange Current Density
measures: External Quantum Efficiency
measures: In Plane Electronic Conductivity
measures: Initial Catalytic Activity Loss Percent
measures: Ink Storage Stability Duration
measures: Non Pt Catalyst Volumetric Activity
measures: PGM On Support Weight Percent
measures: Peak Power Density
measures: Power Conversion Efficiency
measures: Pt Mass Per Power
measures: Pt Particle Size
measures: Tafel Slope
description: Use for numeric values stated in review text (targets/ranges) rather than newly measured data.
alternative label: review statement

Rheological Percolation Threshold Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RheologicalPercolationThresholdVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying rheological percolation threshold volume fraction.
alternative label: critical volume fraction (r
alternative label: φ_r

Rheology Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of dynamic rheology and curing-time photorheology measurements (frequency sweeps and modulus evolution).
alternative label: rheology data
alternative label: rheology results

Rheology Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Ceramic Colloid Ink
hasInputMaterial: Conductive Carbon Grease
hasInputMaterial: Graphite Ink Suspension
hasInputMaterial: Lignin Graphene Oxide Ink
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer Ink
hasInputMaterial: PDL
hasInputMaterial: PDL Ag NW Composite Ink
hasInputMaterial: Polydimethylsiloxane
hasInputMaterial: Quantum Dot Ink
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasInputMaterial: UVMK Resin
hasInputMaterial: UVMK T Resin
hasOutputData: Rheology Dataset
hasOutputData: Solvent Physical Property Dataset
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Angular Frequency
hasParameter: Anion To Cation Molar Ratio
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Isopropanol Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Measurement Gap
hasParameter: Particle Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Plate Diameter
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
hasParameter: Shear Rate
hasParameter: Shear Rate Sweep Max
hasParameter: Shear Rate Sweep Min
hasParameter: Shear Strain
hasParameter: Shear Strain Sweep Max
hasParameter: Shear Strain Sweep Min
hasParameter: Shear Stress
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Viscosity Recovery High Shear Duration
hasParameter: Viscosity Recovery Shear Rate High
hasParameter: Viscosity Recovery Shear Rate Low
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Working Time Deformation
hasParameter: Working Time Duration
hasParameter: Working Time Frequency
measures: Bulk Density
measures: Limit Of Linearity Strain
measures: Loss Modulus
measures: Mass Fractal Dimension
measures: Model Fit R 2
measures: Plateau Loss Modulus
measures: Plateau Storage Modulus
measures: Power Law Consistency Index
measures: Power Law Flow Index
measures: Rheological Percolation Threshold Volume Fraction
measures: Rheology Measurement 2
measures: Scaling Exponent A
measures: Scaling Exponent B
measures: Shear Stress
measures: Solid Content Fraction
measures: Storage Modulus
measures: Tack Value
measures: Viscosity
measures: Yield Stress
measures: Zero Shear Viscosity
usesInstrument: Rheometer
usesInstrument: Tack O Scope Instrument
description: Measurement of viscosity/rheology versus shear rate for catalyst inks or ionomer dispersions.
alternative label: rheological tests
alternative label: steady-shear rheological measurement
alternative label: viscosity measurement

Rheology Measurement 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasParameter: Measurement Gap
hasParameter: Plate Diameter
hasParameter: Shear Mixing Rest Time
hasParameter: Shear Rate Sweep Max
hasParameter: Shear Rate Sweep Min
hasParameter: Temperature
hasQuantityValue: RheologyMeasurement2 QV
measures: Viscosity
usesInstrument: Rheometer
description: A property denoting rheology measurement 2 and determined in Rheology Measurement.
alternative label: Viscosity

Rheometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for measuring ink or solution rheology/viscosity versus shear rate.
alternative label: rotational rheometer
alternative label: stress-controlled rheometer
alternative label: stress-controlled rotational rheometer

Rhodamine B
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Organic dye pollutant used as model compound for photocatalytic degradation tests.

Ri Over Cd Sqrt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RiOverCdSqrt QV
description: A property denoting slope-derived parameter from |Z| vs ω^(-1/2) used to calculate Ri when Cd is known; unit label in paper appears inconsistent, verify.
alternative label: (Ri/Cd)^(1/2) slope
alternative label: (Ri/Cd)^−1/2

Ricinoleic Acid Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RicinoleicAcidMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting ricinoleic acid mass fraction and determined in Gas Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Ricinoleic fatty acid%

Ring Collection Efficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying ring collection efficiency used to characterize Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry.
alternative label: N
alternative label: collection efficiency
alternative label: collection efficiency N

Ring Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying ring potential used to characterize Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry.
alternative label: ring electrode potential

Roll Press Machine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Hot-press apparatus with rotating cylindrical rollers and controlled rolling speed/roller temperature.
alternative label: roll-press

Roll To Roll Production
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Roll-to-roll catalyst coated membrane production referenced; not present as named process in ontology.
alternative label: roll-to-roll

Rolling Machine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Roller/rolling device used for long-duration homogenization of suspensions.
alternative label: homemade rolling machine
alternative label: rolling homogenization

Rolling Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: RollingSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying roll-press process parameter controlling effective pressing duration.

Root Mean Square Error
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RootMeanSquareError QV
description: A property denoting prediction performance metric: root mean square error between measured and predicted voltage.
alternative label: RMSE

Rotating Disk Electrode System
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: RDE system used for ORR testing (RDE; ontology contains RRDE terms but paper uses RDE).
alternative label: Pine Research rotating system
alternative label: RDE
alternative label: rotating disk electrode system (Pine Research)

Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Activated Carbon
hasInputMaterial: FU Ndoped Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: GU Ndoped Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Oxygen
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Chloride Electrolyte
hasInputMaterial: Potassium Phosphate Buffer
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Three Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasOutputData: Limiting Current Dataset
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte PH
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Isopropanol To Water Volume Ratio
hasParameter: KOH Concentration
hasParameter: Lower Potential Limit
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Ring Collection Efficiency
hasParameter: Ring Potential
hasParameter: Rotation Rate
hasParameter: Scan Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Upper Potential Limit
measures: Current Density
measures: Electron Transfer Number
measures: Fe N 4 Site Density
measures: Half Wave Potential
measures: Half Wave Potential Shift After ADT
measures: Kinetic Current
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Limiting Current Density Loss Percent After ADT
measures: Mass Activity
measures: Onset Potential
measures: Oxygen Permeability
measures: Peroxide Yield
measures: Pt Poisoning by Ionomer
referenceElectrode: Ag/AgCl
referenceElectrode: Mercury Mercury Oxide Reference Electrode
usesInstrument: Ag/AgCl
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Glassy Carbon Disk Electrode
usesInstrument: RRDE Assembly
usesInstrument: Rotating Disk Electrode System
description: A measurement process that uses rotating ring disk voltammetry to determine Current Density, Kinetic Current, and Electron Transfer Number using Electrochemical Workstation, RRDEAssembly, and Glassy Carbon Disk Electrode and generating Experiment Dataset and Limiting Current Dataset.
alternative label: rotating disk electrode
alternative label: rotating ring disk electrode
alternative label: rotating ring disk electrode measurements

Rotation Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying rotation rate used to characterize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic, Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, and Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: rotating speed
alternative label: rotation speed
alternative label: rotation speed (rpm)

Rotor Stator Homogenizer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: High-shear rotor–stator homogenizer used for ink mixing at 15,000 rpm.
alternative label: ULTRA-TURAX homogenizer

Roughness Factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RoughnessFactor QV
description: A property denoting roughness factor and determined in Cyclic Voltammetry and Optical Microscopy Imaging Measurement.
alternative label: Apt
alternative label: inverse roughness factor
alternative label: rf

Ru Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: RuAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of Ru in Pt/Ru catalyst particles or networks (from EDX).
alternative label: EDX
alternative label: Ru [atom%]
alternative label: STEM-EDX

SCE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a saturated calomel electrode and used as a reference electrode in electrochemical measurements.
alternative label: saturated calomel electrode

SEM Image Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing SEM image data generated by SEM Imaging Measurement and Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy.
alternative label: FIB-SEM images
alternative label: SEM images
alternative label: SEM surface images

SEM Imaging
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Film Thickness
measures: Graphene Flake Lateral Size
measures: Nafion Fiber Diameter
measures: Pore Size Distribution Peak Diameter
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
description: Used to confirm film/pattern thickness and morphology.
alternative label: SEM

SEM Imaging Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Anode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer
hasInputMaterial: Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
hasInputMaterial: Pseudo Boehmite
hasInputMaterial: Si OC Ceramic
hasOutputData: Microstructure Image Dataset
hasOutputData: SEM Image Dataset
hasOutputData: SEM Micrograph Dataset
hasParameter: Accelerating Voltage
hasParameter: Sputter Coating Current
hasParameter: Sputter Coating Time
measures: Catalyst Layer Morphology
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Core Diameter
measures: Ionomer Patch Surface Coverage
measures: Mean Particle Size
measures: Membrane Thickness
measures: Printed Line Width
measures: Printed Trace Width
usesInstrument: SEM Imaging
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
description: SEM images used to compare catalyst-layer surface microstructure (void distribution described qualitatively).
alternative label: FE-SEM imaging
alternative label: SEM
alternative label: SEM imaging

SEM Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Electron microscope used to image catalyst-layer microstructure and porosity.
alternative label: FE-SEM Amber X
alternative label: SEM
alternative label: SU9000 SEM system

SEM Micrograph Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing SEM micrograph data generated by SEM Imaging Measurement.
alternative label: SEM micrographs

SHE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a standard hydrogen electrode and used as a reference electrode in electrochemical measurements.
alternative label: standard hydrogen electrode

SMP 10 Volume Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SMP10VolumePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying SMP 10 volume percent used to characterize Ink Formulation Specification.

SO 3 Stretch Wavenumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SO3StretchWavenumber QV
description: A property denoting FTIR wavenumber (cm^-1) of Nafion sulfonate (-SO3-) asymmetric stretching peak.

SPAEKC Hydrocarbon Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for SPAEKC hydrocarbon ionomer.
alternative label: SPAEK-C

SPAEKTM Hydrocarbon Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for SPAEKTM hydrocarbon ionomer.
alternative label: SPAEK-TM

SPEEK 64
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Sulfonated PEEK with degree of sulfonation ~64% (paper-specific material).

SPFSO 2 NHGCIOH Ionomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Soluble short-side-chain perfluorinated cationic ionomer used as binder in catalyst ink and to cast anion-exchange membrane (AEM).
alternative label: S-PFSO2NH-GCI-OH
alternative label: short-side-chain perfluorinated cationic ionomer
alternative label: soluble perfluorinated ionomer

SPFSO 2 NHGCIOH Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Anion exchange membrane cast from the synthesized SPFSO2NH-GCI-OH ionomer and used in the MEA.
alternative label: anion exchange membrane (prepared from S-PFSO2NH-GCI-OH)

SU 8 Epoxy Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photoreactive bisphenol A-based epoxy resin used as binder in QD composites/inks.
alternative label: SU-8
alternative label: SU-8 2002

SU 8 Weight Percent In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SU8WeightPercentInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying sU-8 binder mass fraction in formulation.

Sacrificial Support Method
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Fumed Silica
hasInputMaterial: Graphene Oxide
hasOutputMaterial: Three Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets
usesInstrument: Ball Mill
usesInstrument: Ultrasonicator
description: Catalyst synthesis route using silica template, AAPyr precursor and metal salts followed by pyrolysis and template removal.
alternative label: SSM

Sample Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Metadata
hasQuantityValue: SampleMass QV
description: Normalization basis for values reported per gram of catalyst-layer sample (catalyst + ionomer).
alternative label: coating mass
alternative label: deposited mass
alternative label: sample weight

Saturated Ionomer Water Content Lambda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SaturatedIonomerWaterContentLambda QV
description: A parameter specifying saturated ionomer water content (dimensionless) at given sub-zero temperature (10.3 at −10°C; 7.8 at −20°C).
alternative label: saturated ionomer water content
alternative label: λ_sat

Saturated Residual Water Amount
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SaturatedResidualWaterAmount QV
description: A property denoting estimated residual liquid water per area used for subzero storage (dominant contribution from GDL).
alternative label: saturated water amount
alternative label: saturated water amount in GDL
alternative label: water amount in membrane

Sawdust
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Representative lignocellulosic biowaste precursor used for most quantitative characterization.
alternative label: sawdust (Betula platyphylla)

Sawdust Derived Biochar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Control material made using same protocol without Fe catalysis (biochar).
alternative label: SDB

Scaling Exponent A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ScalingExponentA QV
description: A parameter specifying scaling exponent in G0′ ∝ φ^A (Eq. 5).

Scaling Exponent B
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ScalingExponentB QV
description: A parameter specifying scaling exponent in γ0 ∝ φ^B (Eq. 6).
alternative label: B

Scaling Exponent T
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ScalingExponentT QV
description: A parameter specifying scaling exponent in Σ ∝ (φ - φ_e,c)^t (Eq. 10).

Scan Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ScanRate QV
description: A parameter specifying scan rate used to characterize Rotating Ring Disk Voltammetry, Cyclic Voltammetry, and ECSABy Double Layer Capacitance.
alternative label: CV scan rate
alternative label: scan rate (mV s−1)
alternative label: scanning rate

Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Carbon Nanotube Forest Height
measures: Catalyst Particle Diameter
measures: Grain Size
usesInstrument: SEM Instrument
description: Electron microscopy imaging/analysis used in this review to report membrane/CL morphology and thickness.
alternative label: SEM
alternative label: SEM images
alternative label: SEM imaging

Scattering Angle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ScatteringAngle QV
description: A parameter specifying scattering angle used to characterize Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement.

Screen Mesh Characterization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Screen Ruling
measures: Screen Volume
description: Characterization of screen mesh free volume (BCM/cm2) versus ruling.

Screen Printing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Titanium Oxide Layer
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Print Pressure
hasParameter: Print Speed
usesInstrument: Screen Printing Machine
description: Manufacturing step: screen printing catalyst ink onto decal substrate.
alternative label: screen print
alternative label: screen printing coating
alternative label: sieve printing

Screen Printing Machine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Screen printing equipment used to print PICL inks onto GDL.
alternative label: Aurel 9000 screen-printer
alternative label: E1 machine (EKRA)

Screen Ruling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ScreenRuling QV
description: A parameter specifying number of lines per centimeter in screen mesh used for printing.
alternative label: screen mesh ruling
alternative label: screen ruling (lines/cm)

Screen Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ScreenVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying free volume of screen mesh per area, in BCM/cm2.
alternative label: free volume
alternative label: screen volume (BCM/cm2)

Sedimentation Test Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
description: A measurement process that uses sedimentation test measurement to determine Agglomerate Diameter.
alternative label: sedimentation test

Segment Active Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SegmentActiveArea QV
description: A parameter specifying geometric active area per segment in segmented cell (Methods 2.1).
alternative label: disc electrode area
alternative label: segment area

Segment Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SegmentCount QV
description: A parameter specifying number of segments in segmented cell (Methods 2.1).
alternative label: number of segments
alternative label: ten segments

Segmented Cell System
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: 10-segment cell hardware for spatially resolved impedance acquisition (Methods 2.1).
alternative label: segmented cell setup
alternative label: segmented fuel cell

Selective Coaxial Ink 3 D Printing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Conductive Carbon Grease
hasInputMaterial: Polydimethylsiloxane
hasOutputMaterial: Smart Elastomeric Cellular Foam
usesInstrument: Direct Ink Writing Printer
usesInstrument: Nozzle
usesInstrument: Pneumatic Dispenser
usesInstrument: Pressure Regulator
usesInstrument: Printing Platform Stage
description: A manufacturing process for selective coaxial ink 3 D printing using Polydimethylsiloxane and Conductive Carbon Grease with Direct Ink Writing Printer, Pneumatic Dispenser, and Pressure Regulator and producing Smart Elastomeric Cellular Foam.
alternative label: coaxial extrusion printing
alternative label: selective coaxial DIW

Selenium Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a selenium powder and used as an input in Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.
alternative label: Se powder
alternative label: selenium precursor

Semi Empirical Parameter A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SemiEmpiricalParameterA QV
description: A property denoting semi-empirical polarization model parameter a (voltage intercept term).
alternative label: parameter a

Sesbania Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Organic extrusion aid added to slurry.

Shear Mixing Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Biomass Precursor
hasInputMaterial: Iron II Ichloride Hexahydrate
hasParameter: Shear Mixing Repetitions
hasParameter: Shear Mixing Rest Time
hasParameter: Stirring Speed
hasParameter: Stirring Time
usesInstrument: Kitchen Blender
description: Solvent-free shear mixing in kitchen blender to exfoliate biomass and impregnate Fe species.
alternative label: shear mixing

Shear Mixing Repetitions
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearMixingRepetitions QV
description: A parameter specifying number of shear-mixing cycles (each 2 min) in blender.
alternative label: repeated twenty times

Shear Mixing Rest Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearMixingRestTime QV
description: A parameter specifying rest time between blender shear-mixing cycles (blender left open).
alternative label: rest time
alternative label: rest/open time

Shear Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearRate QV
description: A parameter specifying shear rate experienced by ink during processing (e.g., 10^4–10^6 s^-1 in spraying).
alternative label: s^-1
alternative label: shear rate (s^-1)

Shear Rate Sweep Max
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearRateSweepMax QV
description: A parameter specifying maximum shear rate in steady-rate sweep test.
alternative label: max shear rate
alternative label: maximum shear rate
alternative label: steady-rate sweep

Shear Rate Sweep Min
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearRateSweepMin QV
description: A parameter specifying minimum shear rate in steady-rate sweep test.
alternative label: min shear rate
alternative label: minimum shear rate
alternative label: steady-rate sweep

Shear Strain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearStrain QV
description: A parameter specifying oscillatory shear strain amplitude used in DSO/3ITT rheology protocols.
alternative label: mm/mm
alternative label: strain amplitude

Shear Strain Sweep Max
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearStrainSweepMax QV
description: A parameter specifying maximum deformation/strain in dynamic strain sweep test.
alternative label: dynamic strain sweep

Shear Strain Sweep Min
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ShearStrainSweepMin QV
description: A parameter specifying minimum deformation/strain in dynamic strain sweep test.
alternative label: dynamic strain sweep

Shear Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ShearStress QV
description: A property denoting shear stress applied/measured in rheological tests (flow curve).
alternative label: mmHg

Sheet Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SheetResistance QV
description: A property denoting sheet resistance and determined in Four Probe Resistance Measurement, Reported Material Property, and Material Specification.
alternative label: electrical resistance (sheet)
alternative label: sq^-1
alternative label: Ω/sq

Short Circuit Current Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ShortCircuitCurrentDensity QV
description: A property denoting short-circuit current density of a solar cell under illumination.
alternative label: Jsc

Si C Fiber Volume Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SiCFiberVolumePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying si C fiber volume percent used to characterize Ink Formulation Specification.
alternative label: SiC fiber [vol %]

Si O 2 Al 2 O 3 Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SiO2Al2O3MolarRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying molar ratio SiO2/Al2O3 in geopolymer formulation.
alternative label: SiO2/Al203
alternative label: SiO2/Al2O3

Si OC Ceramic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polymer-derived ceramic product after pyrolysis of printed and UV-cured structures.

Si OH Group Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SiOHGroupWeightPercent QV
description: A property denoting weight percent of Si–OH groups on silica nanosheets from XPS deconvolution.
alternative label: Si-OH wt%
alternative label: Si–OH groups
alternative label: Si–OH groups (wt%)

Silane Condensation Functionalization
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Docosyltriethoxysilane
hasInputMaterial: Silica Nanosheet
hasOutputMaterial: Sulfonated Silica Nanosheet
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Drying Time
description: Surface functionalization of SN via silane condensation and oxidation to sulfonic groups.
alternative label: silane condensation

Silica Coated Pt On Carbon Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a silica coated pt on carbon catalyst and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: silica-coated Pt/C

Silica Coating Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
hasInputMaterial: Ammonia
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Tetraethoxysilane
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputMaterial: Silica Coated Pt On Carbon Catalyst
description: A manufacturing process for silica coating process using Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, Ammonia, and Pt On Carbon Catalyst and producing Silica Coated Pt On Carbon Catalyst.
alternative label: silica coating

Silica Nanosheet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: 2D silica nanosheets derived from vermiculite via acid treatment.
alternative label: SN
alternative label: silica nanosheets

Silica Template Etching
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Post-pyrolysis removal of silica template using hydrofluoric acid (HF).
alternative label: HF etching
alternative label: etching of silica template
alternative label: silica etching

Silicon Calibration Standard
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Calibration standard powder for diffraction setup.

Silicon Carbide Chopped Fiber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Chopped SiC fiber reinforcement added to DIW inks (≈5.77 or 10 vol%).
alternative label: SiC fiber
alternative label: chopped SiC fiber (Tyranno SA3)

Silicon Dioxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for silicon dioxide.
alternative label: silica
alternative label: silica layer

Silicon Dioxide Weight Percent In Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SiliconDioxideWeightPercentInCatalyst QV
description: A property denoting silicon dioxide weight percent in catalyst.
alternative label: SiO2

Silicon Wafer Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Silicon wafer substrate (highly n-doped Si (100)) used for catalyst patterning and CNT growth.
alternative label: Si substrate
alternative label: silicon substrate
alternative label: silicon wafer

Silicone Caulk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Silicone caulk/gel added to conductive ink to obtain paste/gel consistency.
alternative label: silicone caulk/gel

Silver Foil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a silver foil and used as an input in Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.
alternative label: Ag foil

Silver Nanoparticle Ink ME 603
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Commercial silver nanoparticle ink product used as conductive ink.

Silver Nanowire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Conductive nanowire filler dispersed in ethanol, blended into PDL matrix to form percolated conductive network.
alternative label: silver nanowires

Simulation Particle Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SimulationParticleCount QV
description: A parameter specifying dEM particle count; paper states total number of particles close to 4000.

Simulation Time Step Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SimulationTimeStepCount QV
description: A parameter specifying dEM run length; paper states simulations executed with 30,000 timesteps.

Sintering Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Microfilament
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer
hasInputMaterial: Printed Green Part
hasOutputMaterial: Fe 20 Ni 5 Mo Alloy
hasOutputMaterial: Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
hasParameter: Annealing Duration
hasParameter: Cooling Rate
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Heating Rate
hasParameter: Hold Time
hasParameter: Ramp Rate
hasParameter: Sintering Temperature
usesInstrument: Heat Gun
usesInstrument: Muffle Furnace
description: Thermal treatment to remove organics (debinding) and densify printed ceramic parts at elevated temperature.
alternative label: PTFE sintering
alternative label: debinding and sintering
alternative label: thermal sintering

Sintering Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SinteringTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying peak sintering temperature for different materials.
alternative label: final temperature
alternative label: post-sintering temperature
alternative label: thermally sintered

Sliding Window Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SlidingWindowSize QV
description: A parameter specifying number of past time steps used as the input window for sequence modeling.
alternative label: window size

Slot Die Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Coating Gap
hasParameter: Coating Speed
hasParameter: Coating Width
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Drying Time
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Measurement Gap
hasParameter: Web Tension
description: Roll-to-roll compatible coating method for depositing catalyst inks; discussed as scalable CL fabrication.

Smart Elastomeric Cellular Foam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a smart elastomeric cellular foam and used as an input in Compressive Strength Measurement, X Ray Computed Tomography Measurement, and Finite Element Analysis Simulation.
alternative label: elastomeric foam
alternative label: smart cellular foam

Sodium Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Organic substrate (electron donor) for MFC anode.
description: Sodium acetate added as organic fuel in MFC tests.

Sodium Carbonate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Precipitating agent providing carbonate interlayer anions in LDH synthesis.

Sodium Chloride Electrolyte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for sodium chloride electrolyte.

Sodium Content Weight Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SodiumContentWeightPercent QV
description: A parameter specifying sodium content in geopolymer lattice expressed as wt.% (dry basis).
alternative label: Sodium content (wt.%)

Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: SDBS

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a sodium dodecyl sulfate and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: SDS

Sodium Geopolymer Lattice
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Sodium-based geopolymer lattice catalyst formulation (3D_Na_GP).
alternative label: Na-based geopolymer lattice

Sodium Hydroxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Alkali hydroxide used in activating solution.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfonate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a sodium lauryl sulfonate and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: SLS

Sodium Silicate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Sodium silicate solution used in activating solution for Na-based geopolymer.

Sol Gel Modification Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Acid-catalyzed sol-gel reaction between MK resin (Si–OH) and hydrolyzed TMSPM to form Si–O–Si bonds and introduce methacrylate groups.
alternative label: sol-gel method
alternative label: sol-gel reaction

Solar Energy Fraction Infrared
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SolarEnergyFractionInfrared QV
description: A property denoting fraction of AM1.5G solar energy in infrared region as stated in review.
alternative label: infrared wavelength region

Solar Energy Fraction UV
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SolarEnergyFractionUV QV
description: A property denoting fraction of AM1.5G solar energy in UV region as stated in review.
alternative label: UV wavelength region

Solar Energy Fraction Visible
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SolarEnergyFractionVisible QV
description: A property denoting fraction of AM1.5G solar energy in visible region as stated in review.
alternative label: visible wavelength region

Solar Simulator IV Tester
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument/system for J-V performance testing.
alternative label: IV tester
alternative label: photovoltaic test station
alternative label: solar simulator

Solartron 1260 Impedance Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Specific impedance analyzer used for EIS (potentiostatic).
alternative label: Solartron 1260 Impedance/gain-phase Analyzer

Solid Content Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolidContentFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying solid content fraction used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation, Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement, and Rheology Measurement.
alternative label: S.C.
alternative label: solid content
alternative label: solids content

Solid Content Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Solid Content Fraction
description: A measurement process that uses solid content measurement to determine Solid Content Fraction.
alternative label: solid content

Solid Loading Volume Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolidLoadingVolumeFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying volume fraction of solids in ink (reported for aluminum ink).
alternative label: solid loading

Solid State Ligand Exchange
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Ligand exchange performed on solid CQD films (often layer-by-layer processing).

Solubility Parameter Total
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SolubilityParameterTotal QV
hasQuantityValue: SolubilityParameterTotal QV 2
description: A property denoting total (Hildebrand/Hansen total) solubility parameter in MPa^0.5; used for ionomer-solvent affinity.
alternative label: Hansen solubility parameter (δ)
alternative label: delta_s
alternative label: solubility parameter

Solution Composition Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Glycerol
hasInputMaterial: Nafion Solution
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Solvent To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Solvent Type
measures: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Alcohol Mole Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Ethanol Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Ionomer Mass Fraction
measures: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
measures: N Propanol Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Nafion Solution Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Pt On Carbon Catalyst Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Solid Content Fraction
measures: Water Mass Fraction In Ink
measures: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
description: A measurement process that uses solution composition measurement to determine Ionomer Mass Fraction, Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture, and Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture.
alternative label: solution composition

Solution Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SolutionConductivity QV
description: A property denoting electrical conductivity of the MFC electrolyte/buffer solution.
alternative label: SC
alternative label: electrolyte conductivity

Solution Method Ink Preparation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Xerogel X 85
hasInputMaterial: Dimethylacetamide
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: Isopropyl Alcohol
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Lignin Graphene Oxide Ink
hasParameter: Carbon Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Catalyst To Nafion Weight Ratio
hasParameter: Ionomer Dispersion Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Isopropanol Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Nafion Solution Mass Fraction In Ink
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Ink
description: Ink method where PBI remains dissolved in DMAc; compared against colloidal method.
alternative label: ink preparation
alternative label: slurry preparation
alternative label: solution method

Solution Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolutionVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying volume of RhB aqueous solution used in photodegradation test.

Solvent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a solvent and used as an input in Catalyst Ink Preparation, Solvent Physical Property Compilation, and Solvent Property Measurement.
alternative label: dispersing solvent
alternative label: organic solvent

Solvent Engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Tuning solvent polarity/volatility/composition to improve ink stability and film quality.

Solvent Evaporation by Rotavapor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Removal of THF solvent from reaction mixture using rotary evaporation at elevated temperature.
alternative label: rotavapor evaporation
alternative label: solvent evaporation

Solvent Evaporation Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolventEvaporationRate QV
description: A parameter specifying mass-fraction evaporation rate during annealing (controlled constant).
alternative label: evaporation rate
alternative label: evaporation rate of solvent

Solvent Evaporation Thickening
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: A manufacturing process for solvent evaporation thickening.
alternative label: solvent evaporation
alternative label: thickened

Solvent Free Shearing Graphitization Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Overall synthesis route: shear mixing biomass + FeCl3 followed by pre-carbonization and high-T annealing under N2, then acid etching and washing.

Solvent Mass Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolventMassRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio between solvents in ink formulation (e.g., IPA:butyl acetate = 1:1).

Solvent Mixture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
description: Solvent mixture used in catalyst ink preparation.
alternative label: mixed solvent
alternative label: organic solvent mixture
alternative label: water/isopropyl alcohol mixture

Solvent Physical Property Compilation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: Solvent
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasInputMaterial: n Butyl Acetate
hasOutputData: Solvent Physical Property Dataset
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Water To Isopropanol Molar Ratio
measures: Boiling Point
measures: Dielectric Constant
measures: Hansen Solubility Parameter Dispersion
measures: Hansen Solubility Parameter Hydrogen Bonding
measures: Hansen Solubility Parameter Polar
measures: Solubility Parameter Total
measures: Surface Tension
measures: Vapor Pressure
measures: Viscosity
usesInstrument: Rheometer
description: A measurement process that uses solvent physical property compilation to determine Boiling Point, Dielectric Constant, and Hansen Solubility Parameter Dispersion using Rheometer and generating Solvent Physical Property Dataset.
alternative label: Table 1 solvent properties
alternative label: solvent properties
alternative label: solvent property calculation/compilation

Solvent Physical Property Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing solvent physical property data generated by Rheology Measurement, Solvent Physical Property Compilation, and Solvent Property Lookup.
alternative label: Table 1 dataset
alternative label: Table 2 dataset
alternative label: solvent property table

Solvent Property Lookup
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Dipropyl Ketone
hasInputMaterial: Dipropylene Glycol
hasInputMaterial: Isopropyl Alcohol
hasInputMaterial: Methanol
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasInputMaterial: n Butyl Acetate
hasOutputData: Solvent Physical Property Dataset
hasParameter: Alcohol Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Alcohol Mole Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Solvent Type
hasParameter: Water To Isopropanol Molar Ratio
measures: Boiling Point
measures: Dielectric Constant
measures: Solubility Parameter Total
description: Represents solvent property values stated in text (not measured here)
alternative label: calculated solvent properties
alternative label: solubility parameter lookup
alternative label: solvent property

Solvent Property Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Acetone
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Ethanol
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Glycol
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: Methanol
hasInputMaterial: Polyethylene Glycol
hasInputMaterial: Solvent
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasInputMaterial: n Butyl Acetate
hasOutputData: Solvent Physical Property Dataset
hasParameter: Droplet Volume
hasParameter: Ethanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Needle Diameter
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
measures: Boiling Point
measures: Dielectric Constant
measures: Hamaker Constant
measures: Refractive Index
measures: Relative Volatilization Rate
measures: Surface Tension
measures: Vapor Pressure
measures: Viscosity
measures: Zeta Potential
measures: p H
usesInstrument: Contact Angle Goniometer
usesInstrument: Tensiometer
usesInstrument: Ubbelohde Viscometer
description: A measurement process that uses solvent property measurement to determine Dielectric Constant, Boiling Point, and Viscosity using Ubbelohde Viscometer, Tensiometer, and Contact Angle Goniometer and generating Solvent Physical Property Dataset.
alternative label: properties of solvents
alternative label: solvent physicochemical properties
alternative label: surface tension measurement

Solvent To Carbon Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolventToCarbonRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of ink solvent (here mainly glycerol) to carbon in catalyst ink.
alternative label: GCR
alternative label: SCR
alternative label: glycerol-to-carbon ratio

Solvent To Water Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolventToWaterVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying solvent to water volume ratio used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.

Solvent Type
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SolventType QV
description: A parameter specifying solvent type used to characterize Oxygen Gain/Loss Measurement, O2–N2 Switching Measurement, and Current-Interrupt HFR Measurement.
alternative label: alcohol type
alternative label: dispersing solvent
alternative label: organic solvent

Sonication
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: A manufacturing process for sonication.
alternative label: sonicated in iced bath

Sonication Amplitude Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SonicationAmplitudePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying sonication amplitude expressed as percent of maximum sonicator power (paper reports 20–50% amplitude).
alternative label: sonication amplitude
alternative label: sonication amplitude (% of max power)
alternative label: sonication amplitude of maximum power

Sonication Power
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying sonication power used to characterize Ink Ultrasonication, Ultrasonic Liquid Exfoliation, and Ultrasonic Deposition Process.
alternative label: W
alternative label: ultrasonic bath power
alternative label: ultrasonic power

Sonication Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SonicationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying sonication time used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation, Ink Ultrasonication, and Analytical Centrifuge Sedimentation Measurement.
alternative label: probe sonication duration
alternative label: sonicating for two minutes
alternative label: ultrasonication time

Soybean Oil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Triglyceride feedstock for transesterification reaction.

Spacer Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SpacerThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying spacer thickness between identical electrodes in symmetric dummy cell for EIS/Tafel.

Spanning Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SpanningDistance QV
description: A parameter specifying distance between supports for an unsupported filament span in the lattice design.

Specific Activity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SpecificActivity QV
description: A property denoting specific activity.

Specific Area Activity At 0 p 9 V
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SpecificAreaActivityAt0p9V QV
description: A property denoting specific (ECSA-normalized) catalytic activity estimated at 0.9 V_iR-free (A per cm2_Pt).
alternative label: SA
alternative label: specific activity
alternative label: specific area activity

Spectroscopic Ellipsometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Spectroscopic ellipsometer used to measure thin-film thickness and swelling vs RH.
alternative label: Horiba UVISEL Plus ellipsometer

Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputData: Swelling Dataset
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Ionomer Film Thickness
measures: Swelling Fraction
usesInstrument: Spectroscopic Ellipsometer
description: Spectroscopic ellipsometry used to measure film thickness and swelling fraction vs RH.
alternative label: spectroscopic ellipsometry
alternative label: swelling measurement
alternative label: thickness measurement

Spin Casting
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Cu 2 WS 4 Nanocube Ink
hasInputMaterial: PDL Ag NW Composite Ink
hasOutputMaterial: Cu 2 WS 4 Counter Electrode
hasOutputMaterial: Pt Counter Electrode
description: Thin-film deposition process to cast polymer/ionomer films on substrates or IDEs.
alternative label: spin coating

Spin Coating Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SpinCoatingSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying spin-coating speed used to deposit QD photoresist films.
alternative label: spin speed

Spin Coating Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SpinCoatingTime QV
description: A parameter specifying spin coating time.
alternative label: spin time

Spray Air Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SprayAirPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying atomizing air pressure during spray coating (set by regulator).
alternative label: air flow pressure
alternative label: air pressure
alternative label: expulsion pressure

Spray Angle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SprayAngle QV
description: A parameter specifying spray angle used to characterize Spray Coating.

Spray Coater
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a spray coater and used in Spray Coating and Ultrasonic Spray Coating.
alternative label: pulse-swirl-spray coater
alternative label: spray system
alternative label: ultrasonic spray system

Spray Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
used: Catalyst Ink
used: Electrode Substrate
hasInputMaterial: Membrane
hasInputMaterial: Anion Exchange Ionomer Powder
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cobalt Acetate
hasInputMaterial: Electrode Substrate
hasInputMaterial: Hydrophilic Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Iron Acetate
hasInputMaterial: Isopropanol
hasInputMaterial: Kapton Film
hasInputMaterial: Ketjen Black EC 300 J Carbon Support
hasInputMaterial: Nafion 212 Membrane
hasInputMaterial: PTFE Polymer
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Titanium Substrate
hasOutputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasOutputMaterial: Anode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Anode GDE
hasOutputMaterial: Catalyst Coated Membrane
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Cathode GDE
hasOutputMaterial: Fe Co Bimetallic Catalyst
hasOutputMaterial: Ionomer Nanofiber Scaffolding Catalyst Layer
hasParameter: Anode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Break Time Between Spray Cycles
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Cathode Catalyst Loading
hasParameter: Coating Temperature
hasParameter: Deposition Time
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Drying Time
hasParameter: Equivalent Spray Coating Pass Count
hasParameter: Feed Rate
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Isopropanol Volume Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Nozzle Diameter
hasParameter: Nozzle To Substrate Distance
hasParameter: Number Of Spray Passes
hasParameter: Pt Loading
hasParameter: Shear Rate
hasParameter: Spray Air Pressure
hasParameter: Spray Angle
hasParameter: Spray Coating Pass Count
hasParameter: Spray Distance
hasParameter: Spray Duration
hasParameter: Spray Speed
hasParameter: Substrate Temperature
hasParameter: Water To Isopropanol Volume Ratio
usesInstrument: Gravity Feed Airbrush
usesInstrument: Hot Plate
usesInstrument: Mass Flow Controller
usesInstrument: Spray Coater
usesInstrument: Suction Feed Airbrush
usesInstrument: Syringe Driver
usesInstrument: Ultrasonic Spray Coating System
description: Robotic spray deposition of ink in multiple passes onto heated substrate to evaporate solvent between passes.
alternative label: spray deposition
alternative label: spraying
alternative label: ultrasonic spray coating

Spray Coating Parameter Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Liquid Flow Rate
hasParameter: Nozzle To Substrate Distance
hasParameter: Spray Air Pressure
hasParameter: Spray Speed
hasParameter: Substrate Temperature
description: Specification of spray-coating operating parameters (flow rate, pressure, temperature, nozzle height, speed).
alternative label: spray-coating parameters

Spray Coating Pass Count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SprayCoatingPassCount QV
description: A parameter specifying number of ultrasonic spray coating passes/run times used to deposit a given layer.

Spray Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying spray distance used to characterize Spray Coating.
alternative label: nozzle-to-electrode distance

Spray Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SprayDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of spraying/atomization during spray coating to tune catalyst/Pt loading.

Spray Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SpraySpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying nozzle travel speed during each spray pass.
alternative label: nozzle speed

Sputter Coater
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Used to sputter-coat samples with gold before SEM.
alternative label: sputter coater (Quorum Q-150T ES)

Sputter Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Nanotube Forest
hasInputMaterial: Platinum
hasOutputMaterial: Platinum Coated Glass Slide
usesInstrument: Sputter Coater
description: Thin Pt film deposition (10 nm) on glass slides to create Pt/glass electrodes used as substrates for electrochemical tests.
alternative label: Pt sputter coating
alternative label: gold sputter coating
alternative label: sputtering deposition

Sputter Coating Current
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SputterCoatingCurrent QV
description: A parameter specifying current used during sputter coating (mA).
alternative label: mA current

Sputter Coating Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SputterCoatingTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of gold sputter coating prior to SEM (s).

Square Wave Amplitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying square wave amplitude used to characterize Square Wave Voltammetry.

Square Wave Voltammetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte Type
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Potential Window
hasParameter: Reference Scale
hasParameter: Square Wave Amplitude
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Peak Current
measures: Peak Potential
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
description: A measurement process that uses square wave voltammetry to determine Peak Current and Peak Potential using Electrochemical Workstation and generating Experiment Dataset.

St Co DMAEMA Oligomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: pH-responsive styrene-co-DMAEMA oligomer (sulfate end-capped) used to reduce and stabilize Pd nanoparticles and improve adhesion on PET.
alternative label: St-co-PDMAEMA copolymer

Stability Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: StabilityRatio QV
description: A property denoting colloidal stability ratio (inverse of collision efficiency) from DLVO-type model.
alternative label: W

Standard Polymeric Dispersant 340 C
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for standard polymeric dispersant 340 C.

Static Testing Machine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Mechanical testing machine used for crush strength measurement.
alternative label: multifunctional static testing machine

Steam Activated Fe NC Catalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Fe-N-C catalyst after steam activation; contains Fe3O4 nanoparticles and hierarchical meso/macropores.
alternative label: steam-activated Fe-N-C

Steam Activation Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
hasOutputMaterial: Steam Activated Fe NC Catalyst
description: High-temperature activation under steam/water vapor to create hierarchical pore structure and Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
alternative label: steam activation

Steam Pretreatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Steaming MEA/CCM prior to operation to hydrate membrane/ionomer.
alternative label: autoclave steam
alternative label: steaming

Stearic Acid Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: StearicAcidMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting stearic acid mass fraction and determined in Gas Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Stearic fatty acid%

Steel Autoclave Reactor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: High-pressure batch reactor used for aqueous-phase hydrogenation.
alternative label: batch reactor

Stirring Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
description: A parameter specifying stirring speed used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation, High Shear Mixing, and Catalyst Wetting Drying Treatment.
alternative label: mixing speed
alternative label: mixing speed (rpm)
alternative label: stirring rate

Stirring Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: StirringTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of stirring during synthesis/sol-gel modification.
alternative label: mixing time (min)
alternative label: rolling time
alternative label: stirred overnight

Storage Modulus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: StorageModulus QV
description: A property denoting storage modulus (G′) characterizing ink elasticity under oscillatory shear.
alternative label: G'
alternative label: elastic modulus
alternative label: shear storage modulus

Storage Modulus Increase Onset Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: StorageModulusIncreaseOnsetTime QV
description: A property denoting time at which storage modulus begins to increase significantly in time sweep (indicating geopolymerization progress).
alternative label: significant increase of the storage modulus started occurring after
alternative label: time sweep onset

Storage Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: StorageTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying temperature used during subzero storage/freezing step of durability protocol.
alternative label: subzero storage temperature

Storage Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: StorageTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of each subzero storage/freezing step.
alternative label: frozen time

Strain Gauge Factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: StrainGaugeFactor QV
description: A property denoting sensitivity metric for strain sensor, defined from relative impedance change vs strain amplitude.
alternative label: SFG
alternative label: gauge factor

Strain Gauge Sensing Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Phosphate Buffered Saline
hasInputMaterial: Strain Gauge Sensor
hasParameter: AC Input Amplitude
hasParameter: Frequency
hasParameter: Number Of Cycles
hasParameter: Shear Strain
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Test Duration
measures: Limit Of Linearity Strain
measures: Shear Stress
measures: Strain Gauge Factor
usesInstrument: Digital Multimeter
usesInstrument: Electrochemical Workstation
usesInstrument: Mechanical Actuation Bioreactor
usesInstrument: Universal Testing Machine
description: Measurement protocol where sensor impedance is monitored while applying cyclic mechanical strain (simulated physiological conditions).
alternative label: impedance-based strain measurement
alternative label: strain sensing
alternative label: strain sensor test

Strain Gauge Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Printed sensor device (interdigitated electrode structure) fabricated from PDL/AgNW ink for strain measurement via impedance changes.
alternative label: interdigitated strain sensor
alternative label: strain gauge
alternative label: strain-responsive sensor

Strip Spacing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: StripSpacing QV
description: A parameter specifying spacing between removed strips on sample during profilometry preparation.
alternative label: line spacing
alternative label: spacing d

Strut Thickness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: StrutThickness QV
description: A parameter specifying thickness/diameter of printed struts/filaments.
alternative label: strut size

Stylus Profilometry Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer
hasOutputData: Surface Topography Dataset
hasParameter: Profilometer Sampling Step
hasParameter: Profilometer Stylus Force
hasParameter: Profilometer Stylus Speed
hasParameter: Profilometer Tip Radius
measures: Bulk Density
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Printed CNT Structure Height
measures: Surface Roughness Ra
measures: Surface Roughness Rq
usesInstrument: Veeco Dektak 8 Contact Profilometer
description: Stylus profilometry used to reconstruct 3D thickness/roughness maps over full 5×5 cm coating (after corrections).
alternative label: stylus profiler
alternative label: stylus profilometry

Styrene Monomer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Styrene monomer used in free-radical copolymerization.
alternative label: styrene (St)

Sublimation Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SublimationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying sublimation time.

Substrate Heat Treatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Titanium Substrate
hasOutputMaterial: Titanium Oxide Layer
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Annealing Time
hasParameter: Hold Time
hasParameter: Reaction Temperature
usesInstrument: Oven
description: A manufacturing process for substrate heat treatment using Titanium Substrate with Oven and producing Titanium Oxide Layer.
alternative label: heat treatment
alternative label: heat treatment in air
alternative label: post-heat treatment

Substrate Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SubstrateTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying substrate temperature during spray coating to accelerate solvent evaporation between passes.
alternative label: hot-plate temperature
alternative label: spray deposition temperature
alternative label: spray temperature

Suction Feed Airbrush
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Specific airbrush feed mechanism used for spray coating; compared against gravity-feed type.
alternative label: siphon-feed airbrush
alternative label: suction-fed airbrush

Sudan I
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photo absorber used in DLP elastomer resin.

Sulfolene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for sulfolene.

Sulfonate Coverage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SulfonateCoverage QV
description: A property denoting dimensionless coverage inferred by normalizing CO displacement charge at 0.4 Vcell to ECA.
alternative label: Θ (SO3- coverage on Pt)

Sulfonated Poly Ether Ether Ketone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) used as membrane material and electrode binder.
alternative label: sPEEK

Sulfonated Polysulfone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for sulfonated polysulfone.

Sulfonated Silica Nanosheet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Silane-functionalized silica nanosheets bearing sulfonic groups.
alternative label: S–SN

Sulfur Atomic Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SulfurAtomicPercent QV
description: A property denoting atomic percent of sulfur from XPS quantitative composition (no close match in ontology).
alternative label: S atomic percent

Sulfur Weight Percent In Catalyst Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SulfurWeightPercentInCatalystLayer QV
description: A property denoting eDS-reported normalized sulfur concentration in catalyst layer (wt.%); S attributed to PFSA/Nafion.

Sulfuric Acid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Sulfuric acid electrolyte used for CV (1 M H2SO4).
alternative label: sulfuric acid dopant
alternative label: sulfuric acid electrolyte

Sulfuric Acid Mass Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SulfuricAcidMassFraction QV
description: A property denoting sulfuric acid mass fraction.
alternative label: % mass sulfuric acid
alternative label: mass fraction H2SO4
alternative label: mass fraction sulfuric acid

Support Material
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a support material and used as an input in Catalyst Impregnation.

Surface Basicity Change Delta P Hf
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceBasicityChangeDeltaPHf QV
description: A property denoting ΔpHf = pHf(wetted) − pHf(pristine); negative implies more acidic surface after treatment.
alternative label: surface basicity change
alternative label: ΔpHf

Surface Basicity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: p H
measures: Surface Basicity Change Delta P Hf
usesInstrument: pH Meter
description: A measurement process that determines changes in surface basicity from pH measurements after contact between a material and solution.
alternative label: surface acido-basicity measurement

Surface Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceConcentration QV
description: A property denoting surface concentration and determined in Cyclic Voltammetry.
alternative label: mol/cm2

Surface Film Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceFilmResistance QV
description: A property denoting High-frequency resistance component assigned to surface oxide film (from equivalent circuit fits), normalized by geometric area.
alternative label: R_f
alternative label: film resistance
alternative label: surface oxide film resistance

Surface Hydrophilicity Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting metric defined as ratio of BET areas from water vapor and nitrogen adsorption.
alternative label: hydrophilicity ratio
alternative label: surface hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity

Surface Preparation Specification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Pt 111 Surface
hasParameter: Annealing Duration
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Pt Crystal Diameter
hasParameter: Pt Crystal Thickness
description: Tabulated/specification-like numeric parameters describing Pt(111) substrate preparation and geometry (annealing T/time, dimensions).

Surface Roughness Ra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceRoughnessRa QV
description: A property denoting arithmetic average surface roughness (Ra) of MPL measured by stylus profilometry.
alternative label: Average Ra
alternative label: HL
alternative label: Ra

Surface Roughness Rq
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceRoughnessRq QV
description: A property denoting surface roughness quantified as RMS height (Rq) of the coating profile.
alternative label: Rq

Surface Roughness Sa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceRoughnessSa QV
description: A property denoting areal arithmetic mean height (Sa) roughness metric measured on microfilament surfaces.
alternative label: Sa

Surface Tension
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceTension QV
description: A property denoting surface tension of solvent; affects wetting, coating, and film formation.
alternative label: carbon cloth surface tension
alternative label: ink surface tension
alternative label: surface tension (d cm−1)

Surface To Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SurfaceToVolumeRatio QV
description: A property denoting surface area divided by volume for catalyst network morphology (from tomography).
alternative label: SIRT/DART
alternative label: Surface/Volume [nm²/nm³]

Surface Topography Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Processed 3D surface topography (height map) reconstructed from profilometry or microscopy data.

Surfactant Solution Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SurfactantSolutionConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying concentration of alkylpolyglycoside surfactant in water used for ferritin stabilization (paper states 2% solution; basis not specified).

Swelling Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of swelling fraction vs RH and dopant concentration from ellipsometry.
alternative label: swelling vs RH data

Swelling Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: SwellingFraction QV
description: A property denoting fractional swelling (dimensionless) of thin films as a function of RH and dopant concentration.
alternative label: fractional swelling
alternative label: nearly 0.8 swelling fraction
alternative label: swelling ratio

Synchronous Thermal Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Synchronous thermal analyzer used for TG–DSC measurements.

Syringe Driver
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Mechanical drive that moves the syringe piston to start/stop ink flow (enables FOD mode).
alternative label: motor-driven system
alternative label: syringe driver YSP-201

Syringe Pump
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Syringe pump controlling ink flow rate during spray coating.
alternative label: syringe pump (NE1000)

Syringe Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: SyringeVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying syringe volume used in the DIW dispensing system.

TEM Defocus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TEMDefocus QV
description: A parameter specifying tEM defocus setting used to increase contrast in zero-loss cryo-TEM imaging.

TEM Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Electron microscope used to image catalyst nanoparticles and ionomer films.
alternative label: HR TEM
alternative label: JEM-2100 (HR) TEM
alternative label: TEM

Tack O Scope Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument used to measure ink tack (U.T. scale).
alternative label: Tack-O-Scope BV MAV/EL100

Tack Value
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TackValue QV
description: A property denoting tack value and determined in Rheology Measurement.
alternative label: tack value (U.T.)

Tafel Polarization Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Exchange Current Density
measures: Limiting Current Density
measures: Triiodide Diffusion Coefficient
description: Tafel polarization on symmetric dummy cell to extract exchange current density and limiting current density.
alternative label: Tafel polarization

Tafel Slope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting tafel slope and determined in MEAPolarization, Linear Sweep Voltammetry, and Tafel Slope Step Analysis.
alternative label: TS
alternative label: Tafel slope (mV/dec)
alternative label: Tafel slope b

Tafel Slope Step Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Scan Rate
measures: Exchange Current Density
measures: Tafel Slope
normalizedTo: Geometric Area
description: Analysis of Tafel plot step to quantify CD loss linked to specific adsorption/connectivity.
alternative label: TS
alternative label: Tafel slope analysis
alternative label: Tafel step analysis

Target Substrate Distance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TargetSubstrateDistance QV
description: A parameter specifying target-to-substrate distance in PLD vacuum chamber.
alternative label: distance from catalyst pellet

Teflon Lined Autoclave
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Autoclave reactor used for hydrothermal synthesis at 180°C.

Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: Temperature QV
description: A parameter specifying temperature used to characterize MEAPolarization, Square Wave Voltammetry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: cell temperature
alternative label: operating temperature
alternative label: room temperature

Template Removal Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TemplateRemovalDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of acid quench step to remove ferritin template.

Tensile Strength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TensileStrength QV
description: A property denoting ultimate tensile strength of membrane (undoped/doped).
alternative label: tensile stress at break

Tensile Test Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Universal testing machine used for tensile measurements.
alternative label: INSTRON 3344
alternative label: Instron 5966
alternative label: Instron tensile test instrument

Tensile Test Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Crosshead Speed
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Elongation At Break
measures: Tensile Strength
measures: Youngs Modulus
usesInstrument: Tensile Test Instrument
usesInstrument: Universal Testing Machine
description: Mechanical tensile testing to obtain tensile strength, elongation, and Young’s modulus.
alternative label: INSTRON 3344 tensile test
alternative label: Instron tensile test
alternative label: tensile test

Tensiometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Ring-method tensiometer used to measure surface tension (liquids and substrate).
alternative label: CBVP-A3 surface tensiometer
alternative label: KRÜSS K8551 tensiometer

Test Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TestDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of long-term cyclic straining test (21 days) and/or cell culture (7 days).
alternative label: stability duration

Tetrabutylammonium Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Acetate additive used with AA to control ligand exchange reactivity.

Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Base/additive (TBAOH) used to modify Nafion dispersion and catalyst-ink aggregation behavior.

Tetraethoxysilane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a tetraethoxysilane and used as an input in Silica Coating Process.

Tetrahydrofuran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Organic solvent used to dissolve CoTMPP precursor during catalyst preparation.

Tetrahydrofurfural
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Hydrogenation product (detected as minor product).

Tetrahydrofurfural Selectivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TetrahydrofurfuralSelectivity QV
description: A property denoting selectivity to tetrahydrofurfural (percent).
alternative label: selectivity to THFAL

Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Deeper hydrogenation product of furfuryl alcohol.

Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Selectivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TetrahydrofurfurylAlcoholSelectivity QV
description: A property denoting selectivity to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (percent).
alternative label: selectivity to THFOL

Theoretical Metal Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TheoreticalMetalSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting theoretical metal surface area calculated from crystallite size and density assumptions (m²/g).
alternative label: SA
alternative label: SA(Pt)
alternative label: maximum theoretical metal surface area

Thermal Analysis Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of DSC and TG curves during thermal treatment.

Thermal Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ThermalConductivity QV
description: A parameter specifying thermal conductivity.
alternative label: k_i
alternative label: through-plane thermal conductivity

Thermal Crosslinking
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Printed Composite Structure
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Composite Structure
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Heating Rate
usesInstrument: Muffle Furnace
description: Thermal treatment used to crosslink PAA/PVA via ester bonds.
alternative label: thermal drying
alternative label: thermal treatment in air

Thermal Curing Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasParameter: Bake Temperature
hasParameter: Curing Time
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Ramp Rate
hasParameter: Temperature
usesInstrument: Oven
description: Thermal curing schedule applied after printing to cross-link PCS prior to pyrolysis (vacuum oven ramps/holds).
alternative label: thermal curing

Thermal Decomposition Electrode Preparation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Carbon Cloth Substrate
hasInputMaterial: Cobalt Hexadecanethiolate
hasInputMaterial: Nickel Butanethiolate
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Annealing Time
description: A manufacturing process for thermal decomposition electrode preparation using Cobalt Hexadecanethiolate, Nickel Butanethiolate, and Carbon Cloth Substrate.
alternative label: thermal decomposition
alternative label: thermal decomposition method

Thermal Event Peak Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ThermalEventPeakTemperature QV
description: A property denoting dSC peak temperatures indicating melting, decomposition, or curing events (e.g., 60°C, 222°C, 245°C, 309°C, 316°C).
alternative label: DSC peak temperature
alternative label: endothermic peak temperature
alternative label: exothermic peak temperature

Thermal Oxidation Of Aluminum Film
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Aluminum Thin Film Layer
hasOutputMaterial: Alumina
hasParameter: Annealing Temperature
hasParameter: Annealing Time
description: Heat treatment in air to convert deposited aluminum film to alumina buffer layer.
alternative label: calcining in air to oxidize aluminum

Thermanox Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Polymer substrate used for coating/printing and cell culture; pretreated with oxygen plasma before coating.
alternative label: thermanox print substrate

Thermogravimetric Analysis Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: MSA Capped Quantum Dot
hasInputMaterial: Oleic Acid Capped Quantum Dot
hasInputMaterial: Printed Composite Structure
hasInputMaterial: Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
hasOutputData: Thermal Analysis Dataset
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Heating Rate
hasParameter: Mass Flow Rate
hasParameter: Oxygen Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Oxygen Volume Percent
hasParameter: Sample Mass
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Binder Mass Loss Fraction
measures: Carbon Nanotube Complete Decomposition Temperature
measures: Carbon Nanotube Decomposition Onset Temperature
measures: Carbon Yield
measures: Ceramic Yield
measures: Ligand Density Weight Percent
measures: Mass Loss Fraction
measures: Polymer Mass Loss
measures: Pt On Carbon Weight Percent
measures: Reduction Onset Temperature
usesInstrument: Synchronous Thermal Analyzer
usesInstrument: Thermogravimetric Analyzer
description: Thermogravimetric analysis used to quantify polymer grafting via mass loss.
alternative label: thermogravimetric analysis

Thermogravimetric Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a thermogravimetric analyzer and used in Thermogravimetric Analysis Measurement.

Thermometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Temperature sensor used to monitor printing environment.
alternative label: IR thermometer

Thickness Difference Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ThicknessDifferencePercent QV
description: A property denoting percent difference between thickness estimates from different methods/simulations.
alternative label: Dmicro3D
alternative label: thickness difference (%)

Thixotropy Hysteresis Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ThixotropyHysteresisArea QV
description: A property denoting thixotropy hysteresis area and determined in Three Interval Thixotropy Test.
alternative label: thixotropy (area between up/down curves)

Thixotropy Recovery Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ThixotropyRecoveryFraction QV
description: A property denoting fraction of original storage modulus recovered after a high-strain breakdown step (thixotropic recovery metric).
alternative label: % recovery
alternative label: recovery fraction
alternative label: thixotropic recovery

Three D Laser Scanning Microscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Surface Topography Dataset
hasParameter: Height Step Size
hasParameter: Laser Wavelength
hasParameter: Laser Z Step
hasParameter: Microscopy Measured Area
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Surface Roughness Rq
measures: Surface Roughness Sa
usesInstrument: Confocal Microscope
usesInstrument: Olympus LEXTOLS 5000
description: Confocal 3D laser scanning microscopy on ~0.25 cm² central region to measure surface topography.
alternative label: laser scanning microscopy

Three Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: description=Porous three-dimensional graphene nanosheets (3D-GNS) used as cathode catalyst/additive; synthesized via sacrificial support method (SSM).

Three Interval Thixotropy Test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Shear Strain
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Viscosity Recovery High Shear Duration
hasParameter: Viscosity Recovery Shear Rate High
hasParameter: Viscosity Recovery Shear Rate Low
measures: Thixotropy Hysteresis Area
measures: Thixotropy Recovery Fraction
measures: Viscosity
usesInstrument: Rheometer
description: Rheology protocol with low-strain, high-strain, then recovery steps used to quantify thixotropy/structure recovery.
alternative label: thixotropy test
alternative label: viscosity recovery test

Three Point Flexural Strength Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Flexural Strength
usesInstrument: Universal Testing Machine
description: Three-point flexure test on pyrolyzed bars to obtain flexural strength.
alternative label: three-point flexure

Threshold Aggregate Diameter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ThresholdAggregateDiameter QV
description: A parameter specifying threshold aggregate diameter used to characterize Ink Stability Model Calculation.
alternative label: threshold aggregate size

Through Plane Electronic Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ThroughPlaneElectronicConductivity QV
description: A property denoting through plane electronic conductivity and determined in Through Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement.
alternative label: electrical conductivity
alternative label: tp
alternative label: σ_cl

Through Plane Electronic Conductivity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Conductivity Dataset
hasParameter: Ball Milling Time
hasParameter: Bias Potential
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Geometric Area
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Measurement Gap
hasParameter: Particle Volume Fraction
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Electrical Percolation Threshold Volume Fraction
measures: Scaling Exponent T
measures: Through Plane Electronic Conductivity
usesInstrument: Gold Plated Probes
usesInstrument: Micro Ohm Meter
usesInstrument: Pneumatic Jack
usesInstrument: Rheometer
description: A measurement process that uses through plane electronic conductivity measurement to determine Through Plane Electronic Conductivity, Scaling Exponent T, and Electrical Percolation Threshold Volume Fraction using Micro Ohm Meter, Gold Plated Probes, and Pneumatic Jack and generating Conductivity Dataset.
alternative label: electrical conductivity measurement
alternative label: through-plane conductivity test
alternative label: through-plane tests

Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasParameter: Cell Pressure
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Relative Humidity
measures: Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
measures: Local Oxygen Transport Resistance
measures: Mass Transport Resistance
usesInstrument: Environmental Chamber
usesInstrument: Through-Plane Transport Cell
description: A measurement process that uses Through-Plane gas transport measurement to determine Local Oxygen Transport Resistance, Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient, and Mass Transport Resistance using Through-Plane Transport Cell and Environmental Chamber and generating Experiment Dataset.
alternative label: through-plane gas transport

Through Plane Thermal Conductivity Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Compression Pressure
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Pt On Carbon Weight Percent
hasParameter: Water Uptake Indicator
measures: Thermal Conductivity
usesInstrument: Through-Plane Transport Cell
description: Description (paper-context): Ex-situ through-plane measurement of catalyst-layer thermal conductivity using a custom heat-flux/temperature-gradient rig (Fourier-law-based).
alternative label: ex-situ thermal conductivity
alternative label: thermal conductivity apparatus

Through-Plane Transport Cell
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a Through-Plane transport cell and used in Through-Plane Gas Transport Measurement and Through Plane Thermal Conductivity Measurement.

Ti Cl 4 Surface Treatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Titanium Oxide Layer
description: Surface treatment of TiO2 films in TiCl4 solution (40 mM) at 70°C for 30 min (twice).
alternative label: TiCl4 treatment

Time Resolved Photoluminescence Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Photoluminescence Decay Time
description: Time-resolved photoluminescence measurement used to compare decay lifetimes of composites.
alternative label: time-resolved PL
alternative label: time-resolved PL decay

Titanium Oxide Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a titanium oxide layer and used as an input in Dye Sensitization Process, Ti Cl 4 Surface Treatment, and Ultrasonic Deposition Process.
alternative label: TiO2 layer
alternative label: native oxide layer

Titanium Screen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Titanium screen used as anode support/current collector.
alternative label: Ti-screen

Titanium Substrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity corresponding to a titanium substrate and used as an input in Spray Coating, X Ray Diffraction Measurement, and Substrate Heat Treatment.
alternative label: Ti substrate
alternative label: titanium plate

Tokuyama A 201 Membrane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: A material entity used for tokuyama A 201 membrane.
alternative label: A201
alternative label: Tokuyama
alternative label: Tokuyama A201®

Toluene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Solvent used during purification/precipitation steps in ligand exchange.

Torque Wrench
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a torque wrench and used in MEAAssembly Process.
alternative label: assembling torque

Tortuosity Calculation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Average Pore Diameter
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Porosity
hasParameter: Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
hasParameter: Knudsen Diffusivity
hasParameter: Knudsen Number
hasParameter: Molecular Diffusivity In Air
hasParameter: Tortuosity Porosity Exponent
measures: Catalyst Layer Tortuosity
description: A measurement process that uses tortuosity calculation to determine Catalyst Layer Tortuosity.
alternative label: geometric tortuosity calculation

Tortuosity Porosity Exponent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TortuosityPorosityExponent QV
description: A parameter specifying tortuosity porosity exponent used to characterize Tortuosity Calculation.
alternative label: power-law exponent
alternative label: power-law fit exponent

Total Gas Diffusion Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TotalGasDiffusionResistance QV
description: A property denoting total oxygen/gas diffusion resistance derived from limiting current density vs pressure.
alternative label: GDL oxygen transport resistance
alternative label: R_total
alternative label: gas diffusion resistance

Total Ink Formulation Mass
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TotalInkFormulationMass QV
description: A parameter specifying total ink formulation mass used to characterize Ink Formulation Measurement.
alternative label: total mass

Total Internal Resistance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TotalInternalResistance QV
description: A property denoting overall internal resistance from semi-empirical polarization fit (includes bulk+interfacial).
alternative label: MFC-CICo
alternative label: Rint
alternative label: internal resistance

Total Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TotalIonomerToCarbonRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying total ionomer-to-carbon mass ratio in iNFS-CL including both electrosprayed ionomer and electrospun fiber ionomer (paper notation Itotal/C).
alternative label: I_total/C
alternative label: total ionomer/carbon ratio

Total Pore Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TotalPoreVolume QV
hasQuantityValue: TotalPoreVolume QV 2
description: A property denoting total pore volume from N2 adsorption (Gurvich rule at p/ps=0.99). Unit in paper appears as cm^3 g^-1 (verify).
alternative label: Pore volume (cc/g_catalyst)
alternative label: V_tot
alternative label: pore volume

Total Porosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TotalPorosity QV
description: A property denoting total porosity (open+closed) of printed lattice body.
alternative label: % porosity

Total Pt Loading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TotalPtLoading QV
description: A property denoting total pt loading.
alternative label: total Pt loading (anode+cathode)

Tough Point Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Commercial photocurable resin used as DLP plastic.

Transesterification Performance Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Geopolymer Lattice Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Methanol
hasInputMaterial: Soybean Oil
hasOutputMaterial: Biodiesel
hasParameter: Catalyst Weight Percent In Oil
hasParameter: Methanol Excess Percent
hasParameter: Methanol Volume Per Oil Volume
hasParameter: Reaction Temperature
hasParameter: Reaction Time
measures: FAME Content
usesInstrument: Gas Chromatograph FID
description: Assessment of catalytic performance for biodiesel production via soybean oil transesterification; quantified by GC-FID (EN14103).

Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasOutputData: Microstructure Image Dataset
measures: Carbon Nanotube Outer Diameter
measures: Carbon Primary Particle Diameter
measures: Carbon Shell Thickness
measures: Interplanar Lattice Spacing
measures: Interplanar Spacing
measures: Ionomer Film Thickness
measures: Mean Particle Size
measures: Pd Nanoparticle Diameter
measures: Pt Particle Size
usesInstrument: TEM Instrument
description: A measurement process that uses transmission electron microscopy imaging to determine Interplanar Spacing, Mean Particle Size, and Carbon Nanotube Outer Diameter using TEM Instrument and generating Microstructure Image Dataset.
alternative label: TEM
alternative label: TEM imaging
alternative label: transmission electron microscopy

Transmission Line Model Analysis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Catalyst Layer Thickness
hasParameter: Ionomer Film Thickness
hasParameter: Pore Radius
hasParameter: Pore Volume Fraction
measures: Ionic Resistance
measures: Ionomer Film Oxygen Transport Resistivity
measures: Ionomer Oxygen Transport Resistance Component
description: Analysis method to extract proton resistance and Cdl from impedance spectra.
alternative label: transmission line model

Transparency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: Transparency QV
description: A property denoting transparency and determined in Xrite Optical Property Measurement.
alternative label: Transparency% (A*)
alternative label: Transparency% (B*)

Triethylamine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Catalyst used in LCE ink formulation.

Triiodide Concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: TriiodideConcentration QV
description: A parameter specifying triiodide concentration.

Triiodide Diffusion Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TriiodideDiffusionCoefficient QV
description: A property denoting estimated diffusion coefficient of I3- in the electrolyte from limiting current density in Tafel analysis.
alternative label: D
alternative label: diffusion coefficient of triiodide

Trimethoxysilylpropyl Methacrylate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Silane coupling agent bearing methacrylate group used to graft photosensitive groups onto MK resin via sol-gel reaction.

Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Acrylate monomer listed among materials (used with acrylic resins).
description: Triacrylate crosslinker added to UV-MK to adjust viscosity and increase UV curing rate.

Triple Phase Boundary Layer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Triple-phase boundary region (pore/proton conductor/electron conductor) in catalyst layer affected by grafted polymer.
alternative label: TPB
alternative label: triple-phase boundary (TPB) layer

Tripropylamine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Tripropylamine (TPA) used with acetone as nitrogen source in bubbling feed.

Triton X 100 Surfactant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 used to aid dispersion in MPL inks.
alternative label: Triton X-100
alternative label: surfactant (Triton X-100)

True Density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TrueDensity QV
description: A property denoting true/skeleton density measured by helium pycnometry on finely milled samples.
alternative label: skeletal density
alternative label: skeleton density
alternative label: ρ_t

Tube Furnace
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Tube furnace used for pyrolysis under flowing argon.
alternative label: Lindberg Blue furnaces
alternative label: tube furnace (CM Furnaces 1830-10VF)
alternative label: two-furnace AP-CVD system

Turnover Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: TurnoverFrequency QV
description: A property denoting turnover frequency.
alternative label: TOF

UV Assisted Direct Ink Writing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: UVMK T Resin
hasOutputMaterial: Printed Grid Structure
hasParameter: Nozzle Diameter
hasParameter: UV Irradiance
usesInstrument: UVDIW Printer
description: DIW process augmented with in-situ UV irradiation to cure extruded filaments and retain shape; treated as a specialized form of DirectInkWriting.

UV Bandwidth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UVBandwidth QV
description: A parameter specifying spectral bandwidth during UV–vis acquisition.

UV Curing Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasParameter: UV Irradiance
hasParameter: UV Irradiation Time
description: Free-radical polymerization of acrylate/methacrylate groups under UV irradiation forming crosslinked network.
alternative label: UV curing

UVDIW Printer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Custom UV-assisted direct-ink writing apparatus with 3-axis stage and UV sources on both sides of the needle.

UV Detector
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Detector used to monitor UV light energy during curing experiments.

UV Exposure Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UVExposureTime QV
description: A parameter specifying uV exposure duration in photolithography.
alternative label: exposure time

UV Irradiance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UVIrradiance QV
description: A parameter specifying incident UV irradiance used for curing during photorheology/FTIR (reported ~28 mW/cm2).
alternative label: UV light intensity

UV Irradiation Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UVIrradiationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of UV exposure during curing (e.g., 2–14 s values discussed).
alternative label: UV exposure time

UVMK Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Photosensitive MK-TMSPM resin formulation with photoinitiators (no TMPTA).
alternative label: UV-MK

UVMK T Resin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: UV-MK resin with added TMPTA crosslinker; selected for printing.
alternative label: UV-MK-T

UV Scan Speed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UVScanSpeed QV
description: A parameter specifying UV scan speed used to characterize UV Visible Spectroscopy Measurement.

UV Vis NIR Spectrophotometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer used to measure CCM optical transmittance (400–700 nm).
alternative label: JASCO V-670 UV–Vis NIR
alternative label: Shimadzu Solid Spec-2700
alternative label: UV–vis–near infrared recording spectrophotometer

UV Vis Spectrophotometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument to acquire UV–vis absorption spectra during polymerization tracking.
alternative label: UV–vis spectrometer

UV Visible Spectrophotometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for UV-Vis absorption spectra.
alternative label: UV-Vis spectrometer
alternative label: UV–Vis spectrophotometer

UV Visible Spectroscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Laser Wavelength
hasParameter: Optical Density
hasParameter: UV Bandwidth
hasParameter: UV Scan Speed
hasParameter: Wavelength
measures: Absorption Peak Wavelength
measures: Band Gap Energy
measures: Bandgap Energy
measures: Monomer Conversion
measures: Plasmon Peak Wavelength
usesInstrument: UV Vis NIR Spectrophotometer
usesInstrument: UV Vis Spectrophotometer
usesInstrument: UV Visible Spectrophotometer
description: UV–vis spectroscopy used to track monomer polymerization kinetics.
alternative label: UV spectra
alternative label: UV-visible tests
alternative label: UV–vis

UV Wavelength Range
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UVWavelengthRange QV
description: A parameter specifying wavelength range over which UV intensity was monitored/detected (230–410 nm).

Ubbelohde Viscometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an ubbelohde viscometer and used in Solvent Property Measurement.

Ultra Small Angle X Ray Scattering Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Ionomer Solution
hasInputMaterial: Solvent Mixture
hasOutputData: Agglomerate Size Distribution Dataset
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
measures: Hydrodynamic Diameter
measures: Mass Fractal Dimension
measures: Mean Particle Size
measures: Particle Length
measures: Radius Of Gyration
usesInstrument: Ultrasonicator
description: USAXS/SAXS scattering measurements on inks to quantify agglomeration/fractal dimension.
alternative label: X-ray scattering
alternative label: in-situ X-ray scattering
alternative label: ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering

Ultrasonic Bath
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an ultrasonic bath and used in Catalyst Ink Preparation and Ink Ultrasonication.
alternative label: cooling bath
alternative label: ultra-sonication bath
alternative label: water bath

Ultrasonic Deposition Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Docosyltriethoxysilane
hasInputMaterial: Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabric
hasInputMaterial: Porphyrin P
hasInputMaterial: Titanium Oxide Layer
hasParameter: Acoustic Frequency
hasParameter: Precursor Concentration
hasParameter: Sonication Power
hasParameter: Ultrasonication Time
usesInstrument: Ultrasonicator
description: Ultrasonic-assisted coating/deposition steps used to attach TiO2, then porphyrin P and silane S onto PET fabric.
alternative label: ultrasonic deposition
alternative label: ultrasonically deposited

Ultrasonic Liquid Exfoliation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Beta Ag 2 Se
hasOutputMaterial: Beta Ag 2 Se
hasParameter: Acoustic Frequency
hasParameter: Sonication Power
hasParameter: Sonication Time
usesInstrument: Ultrasonicator
description: A manufacturing process for ultrasonic liquid exfoliation using Beta Ag 2 Se with Ultrasonicator and producing Beta Ag 2 Se.
alternative label: liquid-assisted exfoliation
alternative label: liquid-phase exfoliation

Ultrasonic Spray Coating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
usesInstrument: Spray Coater
description: Ultrasonic spray coating deposition
alternative label: ultrasonically spray coated

Ultrasonic Spray Coating System
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Ultrasonic spray coater used for layer deposition (Prism 400)
alternative label: ultrasonic spray coating

Ultrasonication Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UltrasonicationTime QV
description: A parameter specifying ultrasonication duration to disperse graphene in ethanol.
alternative label: probe sonication time
alternative label: sonication time
alternative label: ultrasonic bath time

Ultrasonicator
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an ultrasonicator and used in Catalyst Ink Preparation, Ink Ultrasonication, and Ultra Small Angle X Ray Scattering Measurement.
alternative label: horn type ultrasonicator
alternative label: ultrasonic bath
alternative label: ultrasonic probe

Uniaxial Pressing Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: A manufacturing process for uniaxial pressing process.
alternative label: uniaxial press

Universal Testing Machine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Testing machine used for compressive strength measurement.
alternative label: QJ211 universal testing machine
alternative label: universal material testing machine

Upper Potential Limit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: UpperPotentialLimit QV
description: A parameter specifying upper limit of potential window for a protocol (V).
alternative label: upper limit
alternative label: upper potential
alternative label: upper potential value

Urea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Nitrogen precursor used for N-doping during synthesis of GU and FU carbon catalysts.

Vacuum Chamber Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: VacuumChamberPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying vacuum chamber pressure used to characterize Vacuum Drying.
alternative label: vacuum pressure

Vacuum Drying
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasParameter: Drying Temperature
hasParameter: Drying Time
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Vacuum Chamber Pressure
hasParameter: Vacuum Drying Time
usesInstrument: Oven
description: Drying catalyst layers on decal films under vacuum (contrasted with atmospheric drying).
alternative label: VD
alternative label: dried under vacuum
alternative label: vacuum-dried

Vacuum Drying Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: VacuumDryingTime QV
hasQuantityValue: VacuumDryingTime QV 2
description: A parameter specifying vacuum drying time used before/after ligand exchange.
alternative label: drying time
alternative label: solvent evaporation time

Vacuum Encapsulation Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
description: Sealing specimens under vacuum in quartz capillaries for high-temperature XRD/tomography.
alternative label: vacuum-encapsulated

Vacuum Filtration Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasOutputMaterial: Biomass Derived Few Layer Graphene Flakes
description: Vacuum filtration used to make free-standing graphene films.
alternative label: vacuum filtration

Vacuum Moulder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Vacuum moulding/degassing apparatus used for slurry degassing and impregnation under vacuum.

Vacuum Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: VacuumPressure QV
description: A parameter specifying vacuum pressure applied during degassing, freeze drying, or impregnation (Pa).

Vapor Pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: VaporPressure QV
description: A property denoting vapor pressure and determined in Solvent Physical Property Compilation and Solvent Property Measurement.
alternative label: P
alternative label: vapour pressure

Veeco Dektak 8 Contact Profilometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Contact stylus profilometer used for thickness/roughness mapping.
alternative label: Veeco Dektak 8
alternative label: contact profilometer
alternative label: stylus profilometer

Vermiculite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Natural clay mineral precursor for silica nanosheets (SN).
alternative label: Verm
alternative label: vermiculite clay mineral

Viscosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: Viscosity QV
hasQuantityValue: Viscosity QV 2
description: A property denoting dynamic viscosity of solvents, ionomer dispersions, or catalyst inks (often shear-rate dependent).
alternative label: apparent viscosity
alternative label: dynamic viscosity
alternative label: ink viscosity

Viscosity Recovery High Shear Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ViscosityRecoveryHighShearDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of high shear step in viscosity recovery test.
alternative label: high shear duration
alternative label: viscosity recovery

Viscosity Recovery Shear Rate High
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ViscosityRecoveryShearRateHigh QV
description: A parameter specifying high shear rate applied in viscosity recovery test.
alternative label: high shear rate
alternative label: viscosity recovery

Viscosity Recovery Shear Rate Low
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ViscosityRecoveryShearRateLow QV
description: A parameter specifying low shear rate applied in viscosity recovery test.
alternative label: low shear rate
alternative label: viscosity recovery

Viscosity Recovery Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ViscosityRecoveryTime QV
description: A property denoting characteristic time for ink to recover high viscosity after cessation of high shear (post-extrusion).
alternative label: recovery time
alternative label: viscosity recovery

Visible Light Lamp
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Light source used for visible-light irradiation during photodegradation/self-cleaning tests (paper mentions 300 W lamp).
alternative label: visible-light irradiation source

Visual Inspection Stability Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
measures: Ink Stability Time
description: Qualitative stability test based on visually observed phase separation / settling time.
alternative label: visual inspection

Voltage Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Voltage sensing hardware used to record fuel cell voltage during aging tests.
alternative label: plug-in sensors
alternative label: voltage sensors

Voxel Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: VoxelSize QV
description: A parameter specifying tomography voxel volume or voxel edge length used in reconstruction.
alternative label: nm/voxel
alternative label: pixel size

Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Commercial carbon black support used as model catalyst-layer carbon.
alternative label: Vulcan XC-72R
alternative label: XC-72R
alternative label: carbon black

Warburg Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting warburg coefficient and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Galvanostatic.
alternative label: W
alternative label: Warburg

Warburg Impedance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: WarburgImpedance QV
description: A property denoting warburg impedance and determined in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Potentiostatic.
alternative label: Zw

Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Liquid water used as component of binary ink solvents (water/alcohol). Not present as standalone Matter term in provided ontology.
description: Solvent component in ink/ionomer solutions (1:1 wt% IPA:H2O). Not present as specific solvent term in ontology.
alternative label: DI water
alternative label: deionized water
alternative label: ultrapure water

Water Activated Electrochemically Active Surface Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: WaterActivatedElectrochemicallyActiveSurfaceArea QV
description: A property denoting water activated electrochemically active surface area and determined in Carbon Monoxide Stripping Voltammetry.
alternative label: ECSA_water
alternative label: liquid water activated ECSA
alternative label: water activated ECSA

Water Assisted Low Pressure CVD
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Argon Gas
hasInputMaterial: Ethylene Gas
hasInputMaterial: Hydrogen
hasInputMaterial: Iron Iron Oxide Catalyst Nanoparticle
hasInputMaterial: Water
hasOutputMaterial: Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube
hasParameter: Carrier Gas Flow
hasParameter: Operating Temperature
hasParameter: Reactor Tube Diameter
hasParameter: Water Vapor Concentration Ppm
usesInstrument: Fixed Bed Reactor
usesInstrument: Tube Furnace
description: Chemical vapor deposition growth process for MWCNTs using ethylene and hydrogen with controlled water vapor at ~800°C under low pressure.
alternative label: CVD with ethylene/hydrogen and water vapor

Water Bath Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterBathTemperature QV
description: A parameter specifying temperature of cooling bath during ultrasonication (paper reports 5 °C).

Water Content Fraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterContentFraction QV
description: A parameter specifying water content fraction.
alternative label: water content

Water Content Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Water Content Fraction
measures: Water Uptake Indicator
usesInstrument: Karl Fischer Titrator
description: A measurement process that uses water content measurement to determine Water Content Fraction and Water Uptake Indicator using Karl Fischer Titrator.
alternative label: water content

Water Diffusion Coefficient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: WaterDiffusionCoefficient QV
description: A property denoting dynamic diffusion coefficient for water uptake in PFSA membranes (Fickian diffusion coefficient).

Water Drop Volume
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterDropVolume QV
description: A parameter specifying liquid volume used for sessile-drop contact angle test.
alternative label: μL

Water Mass Fraction In Ink
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterMassFractionInInk QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of extra added water in the ink (not counting water already in Nafion dispersion).
alternative label: ink H2O content

Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterMassFractionInSolventMixture QV
description: A parameter specifying mass fraction of water in the solvent mixture used in ionomer dispersion or catalyst ink.
alternative label: water fraction
alternative label: water fraction in solvent
alternative label: water-rich solvent

Water Storage Space Calculation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Temperature
measures: Areal Water Storage Space
description: A measurement process that uses water storage space calculation to determine Areal Water Storage Space.
alternative label: theoretical water storage calculation

Water To Ethanol Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterToEthanolRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying solvent mixing ratio water:ethanol = 3:2 used for inks and carbon dispersion.
alternative label: ethanol:water 1:1
alternative label: water/ethanol ratio
alternative label: water/ethanol ratio 3:2

Water To Isopropanol Molar Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterToIsopropanolMolarRatio QV
hasQuantityValue: WaterToIsopropanolMolarRatio QV 2
description: A parameter specifying water to isopropanol molar ratio used to characterize Ink Ultrasonication, Solvent Physical Property Compilation, and Solvent Property Lookup.
alternative label: [Water]/[IPA] (molar ratio)

Water To Isopropanol Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterToIsopropanolVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying proposed_new_term. paper_context: Ratio of water to isopropanol in ink solvent (stated as 1:1).

Water To N Propanol Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterToNPropanolVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying water to N propanol volume ratio used to characterize Catalyst Ink Preparation.
alternative label: H2O/alcohol volume ratio
alternative label: H2O/n-PA volume ratio
alternative label: water:propanol ratio

Water To N Propanol Weight Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterToNPropanolWeightRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying mass ratio of water to n-propanol in solvent mixture (paper reports weight ratio; ontology has volume-ratio variants).
alternative label: water/propan-1-ol weight ratio
alternative label: water/propan-1-ol weight ratio = 4.32

Water Uptake Indicator
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
description: A property denoting water uptake indicator and determined in Water Vapor Adsorption Measurement, Literature Review Synthesis, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.
alternative label: water uptake
alternative label: λ_HNN4
alternative label: λ_HNN9

Water Uptake Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: WaterUptakeRatio QV
description: A property denoting ratio of maximum adsorption volumes from water vapor vs N2 adsorption.
alternative label: water uptake
alternative label: water uptake (wt%)

Water Vapor Adsorption Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Water Uptake Indicator
usesInstrument: Gas Sorption Analyzer
description: Water vapor adsorption to estimate hydrophilicity and water uptake.
alternative label: water vapor adsorption

Water Vapor Concentration Ppm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterVaporConcentrationPpm QV
description: A parameter specifying water vapor concentration ppm used to characterize Water Assisted Low Pressure CVD.
alternative label: water vapour concentration

Water Vapor Volumetric Flow Rate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WaterVaporVolumetricFlowRate QV
description: A parameter specifying water vapor volumetric flow rate used to characterize Ambient Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis.
alternative label: water vapor (0–35 cm3/min)
alternative label: water vapor flow

Wavelength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: Wavelength QV
description: A parameter specifying wavelength used to characterize UV Visible Spectroscopy Measurement, Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Measurement, and External Quantum Efficiency Measurement.

Wavelength Cutoff
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WavelengthCutoff QV
description: A parameter specifying cutoff wavelength of optical filter used during visible-light irradiation.

Web Tension
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WebTension QV
description: A parameter specifying web tension used to characterize Slot Die Coating.

Weight Average Molecular Weight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: WeightAverageMolecularWeight QV
description: A property denoting weight average molecular weight and determined in Gel Permeation Chromatography Measurement.
alternative label: Mw

Weight Increase After Impregnation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: WeightIncreaseAfterImpregnation QV
description: A property denoting percent weight increase after colloidal silica immersion/impregnation.
alternative label: weight increase
alternative label: weight increased by

Wet Co Impregnation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Manufacturing
hasInputMaterial: Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate
hasInputMaterial: Nickel Nitrate Hexahydrate
hasInputMaterial: Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
hasOutputMaterial: Ni PB Catalyst
hasParameter: Ni To P Atomic Ratio
description: Catalyst preparation step to load Ni and P precursors onto porous alumina carrier from aqueous solution.
alternative label: co-impregnation

Wetting Dip Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WettingDipTime QV
description: A parameter specifying pre-wetting dip time in ethanol/water mixture prior to CV.

Wetting Solvent To Water Volume Ratio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WettingSolventToWaterVolumeRatio QV
description: A parameter specifying volume ratio used for pre-wetting coated electrode prior to CV (~1:9 ethanol:water v/v).

Working Time Deformation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WorkingTimeDeformation QV
description: A parameter specifying deformation amplitude used for working-time evaluation.
alternative label: working time

Working Time Duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WorkingTimeDuration QV
description: A parameter specifying duration of working-time determination test.
alternative label: working time

Working Time Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: WorkingTimeFrequency QV
description: A parameter specifying frequency used for working-time evaluation.
alternative label: working time

XPS Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: A dataset containing XPS data generated by X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Measurement.
alternative label: XPS elemental composition
alternative label: XPS elemental composition tables
alternative label: XPS spectra

XPS Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

XRD Pattern Dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data
description: Dataset of XRD diffractograms versus sintering temperature.
alternative label: XRD pattern
alternative label: XRD patterns

XRD Peak FWHM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: XRDPeakFWHM QV
description: A property denoting xRD peak full width at half maximum (degrees).
alternative label: FWHM

XRD Peak Position 2 Theta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: XRDPeakPosition2Theta QV
description: A property denoting xRD peak position expressed in 2θ angle (degrees).
alternative label: peak position (2θ)

XRD Step Size
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: XRDStepSize QV
description: A parameter specifying XRD step size used to characterize X Ray Diffraction Measurement.
alternative label: step size

XRD Two Theta End
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: XRDTwoThetaEnd QV
description: A parameter specifying xRD scan upper bound of 2θ range (degrees).

XRD Two Theta Start
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: XRDTwoThetaStart QV
description: A parameter specifying xRD scan lower bound of 2θ range (degrees).

X Ray Beam Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: XRayBeamEnergy QV
description: A parameter specifying monochromatic X-ray beam energy used in diffraction/tomography.
alternative label: beam energy

X Ray CT Instrument
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument for 3D imaging of catalyst layer pore structure.
alternative label: X-ray CT
alternative label: X-ray computed tomography

X Ray Computed Tomography Imaging
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
measures: Agglomerate Diameter
measures: Average Pore Diameter
measures: Effective Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient
measures: Inter Agglomerate Pore Size
usesInstrument: X Ray CT Instrument
description: 3D imaging measurement to quantify pore structure, porosity, and tortuosity in catalyst layers.
alternative label: X-ray CT
alternative label: X-ray computed tomography
alternative label: X-ray tomography

X Ray Computed Tomography Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Smart Elastomeric Cellular Foam
hasOutputData: Hydrogen Experiment Dataset
hasParameter: Accelerating Voltage
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Exposure Time
hasParameter: Heating Rate
hasParameter: Sintering Temperature
hasParameter: Voxel Size
hasParameter: X Ray Beam Energy
hasParameter: XTM Scan Time
measures: Catalyst Layer Thickness
measures: Crack Width D 50 CWD
measures: Crack Width Max
measures: Fiber Orientation Angle Std Dev
measures: Linear Shrinkage
measures: Mean Fiber Orientation Angle
measures: Microfilament Diameter
measures: Nanoscale Pore Size Max
measures: Phosphoric Acid Saturation In Cracks
measures: Pore Area Fraction
measures: Total Porosity
usesInstrument: X Ray CT Instrument
usesInstrument: X Ray Microscope
description: X-ray computed tomography imaging used to quantify fiber orientation angles and internal defects.
alternative label: X-ray CT
alternative label: X-ray tomography
alternative label: x-ray computed tomography

X Ray Diffraction Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: CatalystLayer
hasInputMaterial: Carbonized 3 D Printed Carbon Material
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Porous Alumina Ceramic Carrier
hasInputMaterial: Pt On Carbon Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Titanium Substrate
hasOutputData: XRD Pattern Dataset
hasParameter: Exposure Time
hasParameter: Gas Composition
hasParameter: Heating Rate
hasParameter: XRD Step Size
hasParameter: XRD Two Theta End
hasParameter: XRD Two Theta Start
hasParameter: X Ray Beam Energy
hasParameter: X Ray Wavelength
measures: Catalyst Platinum Mass Fraction
measures: Catalyst Ruthenium Mass Fraction
measures: Diffraction Peak Position 2 Theta
measures: Grain Size
measures: Graphitic Crystallite Stacking Size Lc
measures: Graphitic Plane Orientation Order Parameter
measures: Graphitic Planes Per Crystallite
measures: Interlayer Spacing
measures: Lattice Parameter
measures: Maximum Reduction Conversion Rate
measures: Pt Atomic Percent
measures: Pt Crystallite Size
measures: Pt Particle Size
measures: Reduction Completion Temperature
measures: Reduction Onset Temperature
measures: Theoretical Metal Surface Area
measures: XRD Peak FWHM
measures: XRD Peak Position 2 Theta
usesInstrument: Hot Blower
usesInstrument: Mythen II Array Detector
usesInstrument: X Ray Diffractometer
description: XRD used to estimate Pt crystallite size (Scherrer) and theoretical surface area.
alternative label: X-ray diffraction
alternative label: XRD
alternative label: XRD measurement

X Ray Diffractometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: X-ray diffractometer used for XRD measurement (Philips PW1830 with Co X-ray source).
alternative label: Panalytical Empyrean diffractometer
alternative label: Philips PW1830 diffractometer
alternative label: X'Pert PRO diffractometer

X Ray Microscope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a X ray microscope and used in X Ray Computed Tomography Measurement.
alternative label: Zeiss 3D X-ray microscope

X Ray Photoelectron Spectrometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a X ray photoelectron spectrometer and used in X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Measurement.
alternative label: Multilab 2000 spectrometer
alternative label: XPS spectrometer
alternative label: photoelectron spectrometer

X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: PFSA Ionomer
hasInputMaterial: Pt 111 Surface
hasInputMaterial: Vulcan XC 72 R Carbon Black
hasOutputData: XPS Dataset
hasParameter: Catalyst To Nafion Weight Ratio
hasParameter: Cooling Rate
hasParameter: Dwell Time
hasParameter: Ink Storage Time
measures: Binding Energy
measures: C 1 s Atomic Percent
measures: C 1 s Peak Fraction CC CH
measures: C 1 s Peak Fraction C O
measures: C 1 s Peak Fraction Ceq O
measures: C 1 s Peak Fraction O Ceq O
measures: Carbon Nitrogen Defect Fraction Percent
measures: Carbon Oxide Fraction Percent
measures: Carbon To Oxygen Atom Ratio
measures: Co 2 Co 3 Ratio
measures: Co 2 p Atomic Percent
measures: Co To N Ratio
measures: F 1 s Atomic Percent
measures: Fe N 4 Site Density
measures: Graphitic Carbon Fraction Percent
measures: Graphitic Nitrogen Fraction Percent
measures: Metal Atomic Percent
measures: Metal Coordinated Nitrogen Fraction Percent
measures: Metal Nx Fraction Percent
measures: Metal Oxide Fraction Percent
measures: Metallic Metal Fraction Percent
measures: N 1 s Atomic Percent
measures: Ni 3 Ni 2 Ratio
measures: O 1 s Atomic Percent
measures: Oxygen Atomic Percent
measures: Pyridinic Nitrogen Fraction Percent
measures: Pyrrolic Nitrogen Fraction Percent
measures: Residual Chloride Content
measures: Residual Iron Content
measures: Sulfur Atomic Percent
usesInstrument: XPS Instrument
usesInstrument: X Ray Photoelectron Spectrometer
description: Surface chemical analysis measurement used to quantify elemental composition and chemical speciation of inks/catalysts.
alternative label: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X Ray Wavelength
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: XRayWavelength QV
description: A parameter specifying X ray wavelength used to characterize X Ray Diffraction Measurement.

XTM Scan Time
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: XTMScanTime QV
description: A parameter specifying proposed_new_term. paper_context: Duration of a single XTM scan (1 h).
alternative label: scan time

XY Moving Stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to an XY moving stage and used in electrospray deposition, direct ink writing, and apparatus specification measurement.
alternative label: computer-controlled X–Y stage
alternative label: custom-built XY stage
alternative label: rastering stage

Xenon Lamp
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Visible-light irradiation source for photocatalytic tests (UV cutoff filter at 400 nm).

Xrite Optical Property Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
measures: Color Difference Delta Eab
measures: Delta S
measures: Transparency
usesInstrument: Xrite Spectrophotometer
description: A measurement process that uses xrite optical property measurement to determine Transparency, Delta S, and Color Difference Delta Eab using Xrite Spectrophotometer.
alternative label: X-rite

Xrite Spectrophotometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Spectrophotometer used to measure optical properties (ΔE, etc.) of printed films (Section 2.4.1.5).
alternative label: EXACT–PANTONE X-rite spectrophotometer

Yield Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: YieldStress QV
description: A property denoting stress at which ink transitions from solid-like to liquid-like behavior (taken at G'/G" crossover).
alternative label: gel strength
alternative label: shear yield stress
alternative label: tau_y

Youngs Modulus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: YoungsModulus QV
description: A property denoting young’s modulus of membrane (undoped/doped).
alternative label: elastic modulus

ZIF 67
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Metal–organic framework precursor (ZIF-67) used as template/precursor to generate NCNTFs support during pyrolysis.
alternative label: zeolitic imidazolate framework-67

Zero Shear Viscosity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ZeroShearViscosity QV
description: A property denoting zero shear viscosity and determined in Rheology Measurement.

Zeta Potential
type: NamedIndividual
type: Property
hasQuantityValue: ZetaPotential QV
description: A property denoting zeta potential of colloidal particles in ink; indicator of dispersion stability.
alternative label: electrokinetic potential
alternative label: surface zeta potential
alternative label: ζ-potential

Zeta Potential Analyzer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: Instrument used to measure zeta potential; not present as named Instrument in ontology.
alternative label: Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (zeta potential)

Zeta Potential Measurement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Measurement
hasInputMaterial: Catalyst Ink
hasInputMaterial: Cathode Catalyst Layer
hasInputMaterial: Fe NC Catalyst
hasInputMaterial: Microporous Layer Ink
hasParameter: Carbon To Surfactant Weight Ratio
hasParameter: Electrolyte Concentration
hasParameter: Electrolyte PH
hasParameter: Ionomer Mass Fraction
hasParameter: Ionomer To Carbon Ratio
hasParameter: Solid Content Fraction
hasParameter: Solvent Type
hasParameter: Temperature
hasParameter: Water Mass Fraction In Solvent Mixture
hasParameter: p H
measures: Zeta Potential
usesInstrument: Dynamic Light Scattering Instrument
usesInstrument: ELS Instrument
usesInstrument: Zeta Potential Analyzer
description: Measurement of zeta potential to assess colloidal stability of catalyst inks.
alternative label: electrophoretic mobility measurement
alternative label: surface zeta potential
alternative label: ζ-potential measurement

Zeta Potential Stability Threshold
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ZetaPotentialStabilityThreshold QV
description: A parameter specifying rule-of-thumb absolute zeta potential thresholds for dispersion stability cited in the paper.
alternative label: mV stability threshold
alternative label: mV threshold

Zirconia Milling Balls
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Zirconia (ZrO2) spherical milling media added during ball milling to enhance dispersion (paper uses 3 mm spheres).
alternative label: zirconia balls

Zirconium Diboride Powder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: ZrB2 ceramic powder used as UHTC phase in DIW inks; average particle size reported before/after milling.
alternative label: ZrB2 powder
alternative label: zirconium diboride (ZrB2)

Zr B 2 Volume Percent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: ZrB2VolumePercent QV
description: A parameter specifying zr B 2 volume percent used to characterize Ink Formulation Specification.

m PBI
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Matter: polymer binder used in HT-PEMFC cathode catalyst layer.

n Butyl Acetate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Organic solvent (n-butyl acetate) used in catalyst ink; lower polarity than IPA.
alternative label: NBA
alternative label: butyl acetate
alternative label: normal butyl acetate

p H
type: NamedIndividual
type: Parameter
hasQuantityValue: pH QV
description: A parameter specifying pH of the dispersion medium / ink; reported to vary with ionomer loading and adjusted using H2SO4.
alternative label: medium pH
alternative label: pH 5.5
alternative label: pH of suspension

pH Meter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Instrument
description: An instrument corresponding to a pH meter and used in surface basicity measurement.

s PPB
type: NamedIndividual
type: Matter
description: Specific hydrocarbon ionomer used in anode/cathode; titrated IEC 3.3±0.1 meq g−1 (paper). No exact term found in ontology.